class6 his ch8

Q1.-Alexander and his army were fighting continously from 10 years, They were tired of fighting and by listening the glory of the army of Nanda's they refuse to move forward, due to which Alexander not continue his campaign.

Q2- Chandragupta taken over Kabul, Herat, Kandhar and Baluchistan after the defeat of Seleukos.

Q3- Shrenis were the group of people who were following similar profession,like- Shrenis of gold smith, Shrenis of Potter, etc.

Q4- The Branches of the Mauryan Army were as follows:-

- Cavalry -Elephants

- Infantry -Transport

- Chariots - Navy

Q5- Historians have suggested many possible reasons for the decline of mauryan empire, which are as follows:-
- weak financial condition due to heavy expenditure on public welfare 
- lack of army strength due to policy of non-violence

Answer in Details:- 

Q1- Chandragupt established a large empire with the help of Kautilya, Chandragupt first attacked and conquered the outer part of the Magadha which was weakened by the invasion of Alexander's invasion. He grew his power and in 321 BCE he conquered Patliputra the capital of Magadha and established a large kingdom spreading from Magadha to Punjab.

Q2- Ashoka fought only one battle in his life with the Kalinga which lead to a great sorrow after looking the dead bodies of solders and blood spreaded all around, he had chosen the path of non-violence and adopted Buddhism. He also made a collection of moral teachings to be followed by the people, which was engraved on the rock pillars and plates all around his kingdoms.These collection of moral teachings were known as Ashoka's dhamma.

Q3- Important features of the administration of Mauryan empire was as follows:-

                -The King was taking decision on the advice of privy council or mahamantriparishad.

                - Empire was stratified into different level, Empire was divided into provinces, provinces into Districts, Districts into Villages.

                - Every level was administered by officials

                                Provinces - Pradeshikas

                                Districts  -  Sthanikas

                                Village  -  Gramin

Q4-  Nature of trade and industries are as follows:-

                - Agriculture was the main occupation

                - Various kind of industries were of crafts, like:- Textiles, Wooden and ivory objects, perfumes,

                  pottery, jwellery etc.

                - Mauryans had trade relation with Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia and Middle East through land routes.

               - Guilds of different trade groups were there to help and regulate the trade.

Class7 His Ch-6

Answer in details:- 

Q1. Establish with example the greatness of crafts during the medieval period in India?

Ans.- During the medieval period people were involved in various types of craft, such as- Pottery, gem-cutting, metallurgy and cloth making. Indian craft was in demand in other countries, due to which many places had been developed as the center production of any particular craft. As there was need of large scale production, for which good craftsman were hired which lead to the development of 'Karkhana'.

                Development of craft increased the trade and lead to the development of Trading Towns. Many Craft were famous worldwide, such as:- Patola, Kalamkari, Dhaka Muslin, etc.

Q2. What were the countries and regions of the world that India traded with during medieval age? Mention import items that were exported and imported?

Ans.- India was doing trade with Europe, Central Asian Region and with South East Asian kingdoms. China, Persia, Arab and Africa was important countries for trade with India. Indians were doing export of textile, precious stones, Ivory and articles with inlay work. Horses, dry fruits and Precious stones from Central Asia, Silk from China were imported to India.

Q3. Give a brief account of Hampi in the Vijay Nagar Kingdom.

Ans.- Hampi was the capital of Vijay Nagar empire and an important trade center from where trade with Persia, Arabia, Burma, China, etc. had been done. When Vijay Nagar was defeated by Bahamanis, they have destroyed Humpi.

Q4. Trace the history of Masulipatnam as a center of trade during medival period.

Ans.- Masulipatnam was an improtant trade center and a port town which had developed in the period of Satavahana as a small port, Arab had first established their trading base here, which was under the control of Bahamani empire, Europeans had also established there trading center here, like- British, Dutch, French, etc.

                This city was famous for Kalamkari cloths which was famous in European Countries.

Q5. Write a Summary and significance of Surat as a port and a city of trade and craft in medieval India.

Ans.- Surat is situated on the bank of Tapti River in Gujrat. It was a port town which flourished during the mughal period as a center of trade and commerce. Surat was used for trade with southeast asian coutries. Cotton and Silk fabric exported from here. Surat was famous worldwide for Gold Zari work. Spices, Saltpetre, indigo, weapons and jewellery were also exported from here.

Class6 civ ch5

Q1. Why is local self government necessary?

Ans.- Local self government is to give better governance as people can better understand the problems at local level and can help to reach to the most efficient solution. It also helps to deliver the benefits of government programmes to the local people.

Q2. Name the various levels of the Panchayati Raj system in rural areas.

Ans.- The various levels of the Panchayati Raj system in rural areas are as follows:-

                - District level (Zila Parishad)

                - Block Samiti

                - Gram Panchayat

Q3. What is gram sabha?

Ans.- All the people of the village those are above the age of 18 collectively form gram sabha.

Q4. Why is local self-government described as 'Power to the People'?

Ans.- Local Self Government is elected by the local people and people directly participate in the functioning of it, that's why we can describe it as 'Power to the People'.

Give your answer in three or four sentences.

Q1. Explain any three functions of the village panchayat.

Ans.- Three functions of village panchayat are as follows:-

                - Develop and maintain facilities like:- Roads, public wells and water tanks, Health and                           sanitation.

                - Building and supervision of Primary Schools

                - Maintenance of records of births and deaths.

Q2. Explain how a Nyaya Panchayat Functions.

Ans.- Nyaya Panchayat is the judiciary function of the Gram Panchayat which can deal with civil cases at local level.

                Nyaya Panchayat can only impose fine and cannot send anyone to the jail.

Q3. How does the Block Samiti directly encourage agriculture and Industries?

Ans.- Block Samiti monitors different factors essential for the agriculture and does necessary arrangement for agriculture, like:- subsidy on equipments, quality seeds, fertilisers, Water for irrigation(wells, canals), etc.

                also promote development of small scale industries.

Q4. What is the composition of the zilla parishad?

Ans.- Members of Zilla Parishad are as follows:-

                - Presidents of Block Samitis

                - MLA and MP

                - Chairpersons of Municipal boards and Mayors of Corporations

These all collectively form Zilla Parishad.

class6 his ch7

Q1. What is the law of karma taught by the upanishads?

Ans.- The law of karma says that present is the result of our past doings.

Q2. Explain the Triratna Principle preached by Mahavira.

Ans. -  The Principle of Triratna were-

                Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Action.

Q3. Who were Digambaras and Svetambaras?

Ans.- The Followers of Mahavira broke in two groups named as Digambaras and Svetambaras.

                Digambaras were following the teachings of Mahavira and did not wear Cloths.

                Svetambaras were wearing white cloths and worshiping Mahavira.

Q4. What were the two groups into which the Buddhists were divided? What was the basis of the split?

Ans.- Buddhist were divided into two groups- Hinayana and Mahayana.

                 Mahayana were worshiping the images of Buddha and performing rituals, where as Hinayana were following the teachings of Buddha to achieve nirvana.

Q5.Name four countries in Asia to which Buddhism has spread.

Ans.- China, Sri Lanka, Japan, Korea.

Answer in details:-

Q1 Describe the major principles of Jainism.

Ans.- The Major Principle of Jainism are as follows:-

                - Ahimsa or absolute Non-Violence

                - Honesty

                - Kindness

                - Truthfulness

                - Not to be in greed of things belonging to others.

Q2. Describe the Eight Fold Path Preached by Buddha to obtain Nirvana.

Ans.- The Eight fold path preached by Buddha to obtain nirvana are as follows:-

                1-  Right Understanding

                2-  Right Thought

                3-  Right Speech

                4-  Right Action

                5-  Right Livelihood

                6-  Right Effort

                7-  Right Mindfulness

                8-  Right Contemplation or Concentration

Q3. Write down any five Similarities between Jainism and Buddhism.

Ans.- Five Similarities between Jainism and Buddhism are:-

                - Both preached in the language of common People.

                - Promoted Non- Violence

                - Both were against Caste-System

                - Getting rid of desire

                - Equality

Q4. How did the Sanghas help in the spread of Buddhism and Jainism?

Ans.- The Sangha was the system of Monks and Nuns who were travelling around the countries to spread the teachings of Mahavira and Buddha. They had to follow rules of sangha. They were trained to attain enlightment.

                Sangha were playing important role in Spreading the teachings of Buddhism.

Class6 his ch6

Answer in brief.

Q1. A state is a political organisation that has sovereignty over geographical area, which means government is free to take any decision without being in influence of anyone.

Q2. Main sources of information about later vedic period  are Buddhist, Jain and Vedic texts, for example- The Jatak Tales, The Brahmanas, The Upanishads and The Ramayana and Mahabharata.

                Many archeological evidences of this period have also been found, like the northern black polished ware.

Q3. The Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) is the type of pottery associated with the later Vedic Period.

Q4. The two types of early states were- Republic states and Monarchies.

Q5. Two Monarchies were Magadha and Avanti and two republics were Vajjis and Yadavas.

Q6. The Punched marked coins were the coins of Silver and Copper on which symbols of hills and trees were punched.

Q7. Two types of tax collected by the rulers of Mahajanapadas were agriculture tax and trade tax.

Answer in Details.

Q1. Difference between monarchies and republic that emerged in later vedic period are-

                - In monarchy the position of king was hereditary where as in republic the Ganapati was a elected.

                -   In monarchy whole power was in the hand of King where as in republic the assembly was playing a vital role in the decision making.

Similarities between monarchies and republic in later vedic period are-

                - In monarchies as well as in republic different types of taxes were collected from the people.

                - Both the powers were maintaining strong army.

Q2. i) Bimbisara- Bimbisara was the king of Haryanka dynasty. It is the first known kingdom of the Magadh.  His capital was in Rajgriha. He set up strong administration and built an extensive network of roads and communication. He had strengthened his kingdom by annexing Anga.

          Ajatashatru- Ajatashatru was the son of King Bimbisara. He had seized the power after killing his father. He was interested in religious matters, specially of Buddhism. He had shifted his capital from Rajgriha to Patliputra . He expended his kingdom by annexing kosala and Vrijji.

Q3. Magadha grew as a powerful state because of many reason, which are as follows-

                - Availability of forest timber and elephant. Timber was used for buildings and elephant were used in Army.

                - it was situated on the bank of river Ganga which allowed rulers to control trade.

                - Port city Champa was under the control of Magadha.

                - It was with abundant Iron and Copper deposits, which was used for making weapons and tool.

                - Fertile Gangetic plain gave rise to agriculture which had strengthened it economically.

Q4. Republics were the group of different clan. Representative of all clans were collectively making the assembly, The leader of assembly was called Ganapramukh. The Position of Ganapramukh was not hereditary and members of assembly were selecting Ganapramukh by voting. All the decisions were taken by the assembly after discussion on topics or problems by the help of voting.

class7 his ch5

Answer in brief.

Q1. In Nagara style temples shikhara was build above the garbhagriha, which was tapered upward. Above shikhara the amalka and kalasa were build.

Q2. Main Characteristics of Temples of central india was the presence of double amalka, small amalka was placed over the large amalka. Kalasa was placed over smaller amalka.

Q3. Seven historical cities of the Delhi are:-

                Lalkot

                Siri

                Tughlaqabad

                Jahapanah

                Firoz Shah Kotla (Firozabad)

                Purana Qila

                Shahjahanabad

Q4. Four distinctive features of Islamic architecture were:-

                - Arches and Domes

                - Calligraphy

                - Mihrab

                - Minar

Q5.         Islamic tradition- use of geometric patterns and calligraphy

                Indian tradition- use of lotus and wheel

Q6. The Red Fort is a palace- fortress in which there is the Diwan-i-Aam, The Diwan-i-Khash and the Rang Mahal and many other buildings were build. Palace were build with decorated walls of marble and the ceiling was covered with golden decorations.

Answer in details:-

Q1. In the history many buildings has been built by different rulers which includes religious as well as secular buildings. These buildings were build to show their power and wealth. The bigger, the grander, the buildings, the richer and more powerful rulers had been considered.

Q2.

Q3. The style of architecture used in south Indian temples were different from north Indian style. South Indian style of architecture was called Dravidian style, this style was used to build temples. Main features of Dravidian style of architecture are as follows:-

                - Vimana a tall structure over garbhagriha,its size was decreasing with the height.

                - presence of gateway or gopuram toped by kalasa.

Q4. The monuments built during the sultanate period were the beginning of Islamic Architecture style which were also influenced with the Indian architecture style as the Indian craftsman were used to make these buildings. Important features of these buildings were Arches and Domes. Some of the improtant buildings build in this period were Quwwat ul Islam Mosque, Dhai Din ka Jhopra, Alai Darwaza, Qutb Minar, etc.

Q5. Akbar was a great ruler, who build many monuments like- Fortresses of Agra, Lahor and Allahabad. He had established Fatehpur Sikri city near Agra. He build 'Buland Darwaja' a big gateway to the Jama masjid to celebrate victory the over the Deccan. In Fatehpur Sikri city every building was built by the use of red stone.

Q6. The Taj Mahal is included in the eight wonders of the world due to its beauty, delicate and symmetrical against perfect backdrop of the river Yamuna. It was built by Shahjahan in the memory of his wife Mumtaj Mahal. its design is influenced by Persian style which is decorated by Pietra Dura and Calligraphy work on the Walls, the whole structure is build by the white marble situated on a high platform which is square in shape with a bulbous central dome with minarets on the four corners of the platform.

Q7. The period of Shahjahan  is known as the golden period of architectural development. He built many grand and beautiful buildings, Taj Mahal is one of the best example of his buildings. He build in Persian style with the use of white marble, these buildings were decorated by use of calligraphy and Pietra Dura.

                Due to his beautiful and grand buildings he has been considered as an outstanding  builder, for example Moti Masjid of Agra, Sheesh Mahal of Lahor, Jama Masjid of Delhi, etc. He had also constructed the seventh city of Delhi named as Shahjahanabad.

class7 civicsch4

Q1. Name any four forms of media.

Ans. Four forms of media are- News Paper, Television, Radio, Internet

Q2. Give examples for the means of communication in the ancient world.

Ans. In ancient world the means of communication were-

                - Drums, used to pass message to long distance.

                - A messenger was sent to deliver message.

Q3. What is an 'informed opinion'?

Ans. 'Informed Opinion' are the opinion formed through secondary source of information is called Informed Opinion.

Q4. What is meant by freedom of speech?

Ans. Freedom of speech gives the right to express the thought and ideas to every individual.

Q5. Why should the media be responsible?

Ans. Media should be responsible because it is the only means of communication between the government and people, as it aware the people about the policies of the government as well as the problems of the people to the government.

Q6. Why should the media be accountable ?

Ans. Media is the one which creates awareness about various social issues and acts as a medium of communication between people and government. To do their work properly they must understand their  accountability towards the society and the nation.

Q7. What is a blog?

Ans. Blogs are the electronic medium of communication through which people can express their thought and ideas in front of the world through internet.

Q8. What is meant by unbiased information? Why should the media be unbiased?

Ans. Information which is communicated without any manipulation is called unbiased information. media must be unbiased to deliver correct information to the people.

Q9. What is the right to information Act? explain its benefits.

Ans. Right to information act allow citizens of India to ask any information from government by giving an application. The answer must be given within 30 days or in emergency condition within 24 hours.

                This act had improved transparency in the functioning of the government organisation and helpful in reducing corruption.

Class6 His ch5

Answer in Brief.

Q1. Where are the Aryans believed to have originated from?

Ans. The Aryans were believed to be originated in the areas surrounding the Caspian sea in southern Russia.

Q2. Name the two types of pottery associated with the Vedic People.

Ans. The two pottery associated with the Vedic people are handmade and wheel made pottery.

Q3. What was the impact of tools made of iron on agriculture?

Ans. Iron tools were strong, durable and more efficient than the copper and bronze tools. It was easy to clear forest with iron tools which increased agricultural land. With efficient tools agricultural production also increased.

Q4. Name the various religious books of the Vedic people.

Ans. In Vedic Period many religious books had been written, which are as follows-

                - The Rig Veda, The Yajur Veda, The Sama Veda and The Atharva Veda

                - The Brahamanas, The Aryanyaks, The Upnishad and The Puranas

                - Epics of The Ramayana and The Mahabharata

Q5. Distinguish between microlith and megalith.

Ans.       Microlith-

                a) Small objects of stone.

                b) Made by chipping method

               

               Megaligh

                a) Large objects of stone

                b) Made by the use of strong Iron tools to cut the stones.

Long Answer Type:-

Q1. Describe the government system of the aryans.

Ans. Democratic government system was used by Aryans as the chief of the tribe was chosen by the people of tribe, who was called 'Rajan'. His commander of army was called Senani and priest were called Purohit.

                The two assemblies 'Sabha' and 'Samiti' were there to help Rajan. The most qualified member of the tribe was selected as Rajan. Rajan was receiving gifts but no regular tax system was in practice.

Q2. Explain the pyramid-like social system of the Aryans. How did it change over time?

Ans. Initially the Aryan society was classified into four varnas. These varnas were on the basis of their occupation as The Brahmins were the priest, The Kshatriyas were the ruler and worriors, The Vaishyas were the traders and The Sudras were serving other three groups. Initially it was interchangeable but by the time it has become hereditary and turned into the pyramid like social system. The Brahmins were on the top of it, on Second Rank Kshatriyas were there, The Vaishayas were third powerful class of the society and at the bottom level the Sudras had been placed.

Q3. Describe the nature of economy of Vedic society.

Ans. The Economy of Vedic society was based on agriculture. Potter, weaver, carpenter, etc. were also there in society.

                Trade was also done through land and sea with other parts of world. For trade barter system was practiced, so the whole economy was based upon exchange of goods.

Q4. Give a sketch of the life of the Chalcolithic people of Inamgaon.

Ans. The life of the Chalcolithic people of Inamgaon were mostly dependant on agriculture. They were producing barley, wheat, peas, gram and wheat. They have domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and pigs. They were also hunting animals.

                Walls of their houses were made of mud and branches of trees and roofs were thatched with grass.

                They were making pottery by wheel and baked them. They were burying dead with clay pots containing food and water they were worshipping gods and goddesses.

Q5. Give an account of the megalithic settlements of South India.

Ans. Megalithic settlements of South India is of 1000 BCE.

                In These settlements different types of graves which are cut into rocks and covered with flat stone. These megaliths were cut by the use of iron tools. These were graves containing bones of many animals like- cow, dog, sheep, horse, pig, bird, etc. and many pots have also been found from these graves.

                These things were kept with the dead in the megalith graves.

Class7 His Ch4

Answer in brief

Q1. Name the rulers who invited Babur to India to defeat Ibrahim Lodi.

Ans. Babur was invited by Maharana Sangram Singh(Rana Sanga), the king of Mewar and Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor of Punjab to defeat Ibrahim Lodi.

Q2. Why did Humayun have to flee from his kingdom? Did he return?

Ans. Humayun was defeated by Sher Khan in 1539 CE in battle of Chausa and in 1540 CE in the battle of Kannauj. He lost control over his kingdom and fled to Sind.

                He returned in 1555 CE and reestablished his control over the kingdom.

Q3. Who Were the participants in the Second Battle of Panipat? What was the result of the battle?

Ans. In the Second battle of Panipat in 1556 CE Akbar and Bairam Khan fought with Hemu the army general of Adil Shah.

                In this battle Hemu was defeated by Akbar.

Q4. Write a short note on the Din-i-Ilahi.

Ans. Din-i-Ilahi was a religion started by Akbar which was based on the teachings of major religions. In it he stressed on the belief in one god. But this new faith was not accepted by the orthodox muslims.

Q5. Name the 'Navaratnas' in Akbar's Court.

Ans. Navaratnas of Akbar's Court were-

                Mian Tansen

                Abul Fazal

                Birbal

                Todar Mal

                Man Singh

                Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana

                Aziao-Din

                Mulla do-piyaza

                Faizi

Q6. Name the British visitors sent by King Jems I to the court of Jahangir.

Ans. Captain William Hawkins in 1608 CE and Sir Thomas Roe in 1614 CE was sent by King Jems 1 in the court of Jahangir.

Q7. What is mansabdari system?

Ans. Mansabdari system was the system of administration followed by Akbar, in which offices were arranged in a hierarchy. Officers of different were given jagir or piece of land according to their rank or zat. Jagir or Piece of land given to them was the source of earning to them instead of paying salary to them.

Q8. Which act of Aurangzeb antagonised the Sikhs?

Ans. Execution of 9th Guru, Guru Teg Bahadur was done by Aurangzeb which lead to the conflict between Sikhs and Aurangzeb.

Answer in Detail.

Q1. Describe the personal qualities of Babur.

Ans. Babur was a great army chief who first combined artillery and cavalry to win the battles and established Mughal Empire in India.

                He was also a great Scholar and poet. He had written autobiography called Baburnama.

Q2. Give a shor sketch of Akbar's conquest.

Ans. In 1556 CE when Akbar become the emperor, he has to fight with the Hemu to protect his kingdom in 2nd battle of Panipat. After that he further extended his kingdom from Afghanistan to Bengal and from Kashmir to Deccan.

                He developed a strong administrative system and for the stability in kingdom he established good relationship with Rajputs and Sikhs. he followed the policy of religious tolerance to develop harmony in the society.

Q3. Write a note on the reforms and welfare activities carried out by Sher Shah.

Ans. Sher Shah did various types of reforms and welfare activities during his rule. Some of them are as follows-

                - He build the Grand Trunk Road from Bengal to Peshwar

                - Developed Carvanserais for the travellers

                - Issued coins of Copper called dam, Silver coins called rupiya and Gold coins called Mohar.

Q4. Why is Akbar known as Akbar the Great? Explain in details.

Ans. Akabr is known as Akbar the Great because of policy of religious tolerance and for giving patronage to the scholars, Artists and musicians which were called the nine jems of his court.

                He established a strong empire with harmony and peace between different social groups. He had also removed the Jaziya tax which was imposed upon non-Muslims.  During his rule there was stability and development in the Kingdom.

Q5. In what ways did Europeans interact with the rulers of the Mughal Empire? Describe the influence of the British in Jahangir's court.

Ans. Europeans first interacted with the rulers of Mughal Empire to establish trade relation. They have reached India through Sea ways.

                From Britain Captain William Hawkins visited The court of Mughal emperor Jahangir  for requesting permission of trade in 1608. He communicated with Jahangir in Turki and earned his goodwill, later he had been appointed as mansabdar in the court of Jahangir.

                In 1614 CE British Ambassador Sir Thomas Roe was sent by the King Jems 1 in the court of Jahangir, where he stayed till 1618 CE and singed a formal treaty by which he received liberal trade concessions. Britishers also got permission to setup factory at Surat.

Q6. Explain how Aurangzeb's Rajput, Deccan and Sikh policies lead to the decline of the Mughal Empire.

Ans. Aurangzeb was not  a tolerant ruler, he had again imposed Jaziya tax over non-muslims. Due to his religious policies hindu leaders stopped supporting him.

                Aurangzeb tried to annex the Kingdom of Rajputs, Due to which he lost their loyalty and support.

                During the extension of his kingdom into deccan he confronted with Marathas. Under the leadership of Shiva Ji marathas power was growing day by day. He was not able to defeat Marathas completely and suffered heavy loss in battle with them.

                Aurangzeb executed ninth Guru of Sikh, Guru Teg Bahadur, which lead to the development of army of brotherhood by Guru Gobind Singh to fight against Mughals.

                These acts weaken mughal empire and after his death mughal empire started to decline.  

class6 civics ch4

Q1. What are the key elements of democracy?

Ans. The key element of democracy are:-

                - Participation

                - Accountability

                - Conflict Resolution

                - Concern for equality and justice

Q2. Explain the meaning of participation.

Ans. Participation means 'taking part'. It is necessary that the people must take part in democracy actively. The people have power to influence the decision making process of government as well as to form the government by giving their vote.

Q3. Explain the term 'accountability'.

Ans. Accountability refers to 'being responsible'. According to this the representatives must understand their responsibilities and work for the development of society. Similarly police and judiciary are responsible to maintain justice in the society and punish them who brakes the law.

Q4. What is meant by conflict resolution?

Ans. Conflict resolution is the act of maintaining harmony by removing all types of differences and treating everyone equally.

                Conflict resolution is the responsibility of Judiciary and Police.

Q5. What are the steps taken by the government for the welfare of the people treated as untouchables?

Ans. Steps taken by government for the welfare of the untouchables are as follows:-

                - Seats are reserved for them in government institutions and in parliament   to give equal opportunity to them.

                - Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste, creed or Colour.

Q6. Describe how democracies ensure equality and justice for all.

Ans. Democracies ensure equality and justice to all by-

                - Giving equal rights to all the citizens

                - Everyone in the democracy considered equal before the law

                - Prohibits discrimination in all the forms

Class6 his ch4

Answer in brief.

Q1. Mention two places in Pakistan and two in India, where Indus sites have been found.

Ans.       Pakistan- Harappa, Mehrgarh

              India- Ropar (Punjab), Kalibangan(Rajasthan)

Q2. What were the two parts into which the Indus cities were divided?

Ans.       The Indus cities were divided in two parts- Upper town and Lower town.

                Upper town was also known as Citadel.

Q3. Give two examples for the advancement of arts in the Indus civilisation.

Ans. Bronze statue of 'Dancing Girl' and Terracotta toys are great example of arts in the Indus Civilisation.

Q4. Write a brief note on the seals of the Indus civilisation.

Ans. Seals of the Indus valley were made of Steatite. These were showing figures of animals with writings on the top. These were square and round in Shape.

Q5. What evidence suggests that the Indus people had trade relations with the Mesopotamians?

Ans. Statue of a Bearded Man found in Indus valley seems to be associated with Mesopotamia and ornaments of Indus valley civilisation have been found from Mesopotamia which shows that there was trade between them.

Answer in Detail

Q1. Explain how improvement in agriculture lead to advancement in lifestyle.

Ans. Improvement in agriculture lead to the advancement in life because surplus production of grains was done due to which people had time to spend on other activities which lead to the development of art and craft, trade, writing skill and many other inventions had been done. This gradual development lead to the development of first civilisation.

Q2. Write a detailed note on the nature of town planning in the Indus cities.

Ans. Indus valley cities were well structured and organised. Harappa and Mohanjodaro werethe main cities of the Indus valley civilisation. Important features of these cities were as follows-

                - All the streets were cutting each other at right angle.

                - The City was divided into two parts- Citadel and lower town. Lower town was residential area for the common people.

                - Citadel was made on high platform, all the public and administrative buildings were there.

                - Houses were build on both the sides of road and were connected with drainage system.

                - All the structures were made of baked bricks.

Q3. What were the foods that the people of the Indus civilisation ate?

Ans.  In Indus civilisation people were cultivating many types of crop. like- Wheat, Barley, Mustered, Sesame, Bajra, Ragi, Jwar and Pulses.

                These crops were used as food by them as well as they were also using fish, meat, milk, date and fruits.

Q4. What do you know about the clothes worn by the people of the Indus Civilisation?

Ans. In Indus valley civilisation people were using cotton and woolen clothes.

                Men wore flowing length of cloth, women wore skirts and both were using shawl to cover their shoulders.

                Men and Women both were using ornaments made of gold, silver and semi precious stone. These ornaments were bangles, earrings and necklaces, etc.

Q5. Write a summary on the religious beliefs of the people of the Indus civilisation.

Ans. From various sites of Indus valley civilisation many remains, like- the figurine of mother goddess and Pipal tree have been found, which tells us about their religious practices.

                They were burying dead bodies wearing ornaments with few pots.

Q6. What could be the reasons for the decline of the Indus civilisation?

Ans.-  No certain cause is known for the decline of the Indus civilisation, but historian suggest that this civilisation might have been destroyed due to flood or earthquakes.

                It is assumed that due to earthquake rivers changed their course with resulted in floods and droughts, which might have caused crops to fail and spread of epidemics.

class6 civics ch3

Q1. Ans- Government is necessary for many reasons, which are as follows:-

                - To maintain law and order

                - To protect the interest of the people

                - To settle dispute

                - To administer the land

Q2. Ans- Different functions of the government are as follows-

                - It develop and maintain facilities for the citizen

                - It makes law and enforce it to maintain order in the society

                - It controls all kind of day to day affairs of the country

                - It protects it territory and give protection to citizens.

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Q3. Ans- Administrative functions of the Government are as follows-

                - Managing Day to day affairs of the country

                - It provides basic infrastructure, like- road, railway, public transport, street light, etc.

                - It provides public facilities, like- libraries, parks, etc.

                - It also maintain relationship with other nation.

Q4. Ans- Economic functions of the government are as follows:-

                - forms the financial policies of the state

                - The government takes all the financial decisions of the country

                - it issues currencies

                - controls trade

Q5. Ans- The collective decision making is a process of including  all the members of the society in the decision making to ensure equal participation of every section of the society or group.

Q6. Ans- Universal Adult franchise refers to the right to vote given to every citizen who have attained the age of 18.

Q7. Ans- The Suffragette movement was done by the women in demand of 'right to vote'. This movement was first started in 1848 in USA, as the women were not allowed to vote in the election as they were not considered equal to the men.

Q8. Ans- The Anti-Apartheid movement was to fight against the discrimination done with the non-white people of Africa. They were denied of basic human rights and political rights.

                Non-white were not allowed to live in residential area of white people, separate schools and public facilities have been developed for them.

                This movement was led by Nelson Mandela in South Africa.

Q9. Ans- Monarchy is a form of government in which-

                - King or Queen is the head of the government

                - Their position is hereditary as the power is transferred from king or queen to their children.

 Q10. Ans- Dictatorship is a form of government  in which-

                - Power lies in the hand of a person or leader of a small group as long as he is able to hold the power.

                - No election is done and no freedom is given to the people.

Q11. Ans- Democracy is the best form of government because-

                - It is made by the people through electing their leader to work for them

                - Right to vote is given to all the citizen who have attained age of 18.

                - Real power lies in the hand of people as they have the power of creating government.

class7 civics ch3

Brief answer type

Q1. Ans- The three different levels of government of India are-

                - The Central level

                - The State level

                - The Local level

Q2. Ans- The three branches of state government are:-

                - The Legislature

                - The Executive

                - The Judiciary

Q3. Ans- Member of Legislative Assembly.

Q4. Ans- Formation of law is the main function of legislature.

Q5. Ans- The State executive is constituted by the Governor of the State.

Q6. Ans- The Chief Minister and the council of ministers take all policy decisions in the state.

Q7. Ans- In State there is High Court, District and Session Court, Provincial Court and Nyaya Panchayat.

                In State High Court is the highest authority among them.

Detailed answer type

Q1. What are the Power of Governor of the State?

Ans- Power of Governor of the State are as follows:-

                - Appoints the leader of Majority Party as Chief Minister and on his advice appoints Council of                     Ministers and many other higher officials.

                - Convene and Prorogues the assembly session.

                - Can Reduce Judicial Punishment.

                - Recommends President's rule in the State, When no party is in majority in the assembly or                         assembly is dissolved due to other reasons.

                - In President's rule power lies in the hand of Governor.

Q2. Ans- The appointment of council of ministers is done by the Governor on the advice of chief minister.

                Its functions are as follows:-

                - Each Minister administer the department assigned to him.

                - They are answerable to the Legislative houses.

Q3. Ans- The Political Party who gets majority after the assembly election is invited by the Governor to form the Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed as chief minister.

Q4. Ans- Education is a very important field for the development of country.

                State government can better understand the social condition of their area and allocate available resource in best possible way. like- giving Mid-Day-Meal to the people.

                Right to Education is a fundamental right, so it is the duty of the government to ensure education to all.

Class7 civ ch2

Q1. 'The right to vote was not always a universal right.' Explain with examples.

Ans- In the early stage of democracy the right to vote was not universal as it was only given to selected social groups, for example:- In Britain protestant male land lords had only been given right to vote and labours and women were not included.

Q2. What are elections? What are the requirements for fair elections?

Ans- The process of selecting representative by people is called election. Right to vote is practiced by the people in elections, so it must be fair. Requirement for fair election are as follows:-

                - Votes of every citizen must carry same value.

                - The people must have candidates of different political parties to chose from.

                - All the citizens must give their vote freely. There must not be any pressure on voters.

Q3. Name any four political parties of India.

Ans-       Bhartiya Janta Party

                Congress

                Samajwadi Party

                Janta Dal

Q4. Differentiate between a bye-election and a mid-term election.

Ans-                       Bye Election                                                Mid Term Election

           i) When any place in assembly get         i) If the assembly is dissolved

                vacated, then it is filled by                   before five years, it lead to the

                Bye Election.                                        Mid Term election.

           ii) It is conducted only at related           ii) It is conducted in whole areas.

                Constituency. 

Q5. What is constituency? Why are some constituencies reserved in India?

Ans- Division of an area into small units for the election is called constituency. from each constituency one candidate is elected.

                Some constituencies are reserved for the deprived section of society, like- Scheduled Caste, Scheduled tribe, women, etc. it is to provide them equal opportunity.

Q6. Differentiate between absolute majority and simple majority.

Ans-                   Absolute Majority                                    Simple Majority

                When more than half of the total                 When no one gets half of the 

                 votes in favor of one candidate.                  total votes given by the people.

Q7.  What are the different types of party systems in the world? What system does India have?

Ans- There are three different types of party systems in the world which are:-

                i) Single Party System

                ii) Dual Party System

                iii) Multi Party System

In India multi party system is followed.

Q8. what is Coalition Government?

Ans- When two or more parties combine together to form government, such government is called Coalition Government.

ClassVI His ch3

Answer in brief

Q1. Name any five Neolithic settlements in India.

Ans- Five Neolithic settlements in India are as follows:-

                - Burzahom in Kashmir.

                - Daojali Hading and Sarutaru in Assam

                - Chirand in Bihar

                - Kuchai in Odisha

Q2. What crops are grown during the Neolithic Period?

Ans- In Neolithic Period human learn to grow Wheat, Barley, Millet and Pulses.

Q3. What animals were domesticated by Neolithic humans?

Ans- Neolithic people have domesticated Oxen, Pigs, and Goat for milk and meat.

Q4. What is meant by division of labour?

Ans- Division of labour means people of society are engaged in different activities to produce different things required by the society. like- Producing clay pots, metal tools, toys, etc.

Q5. Mention two stone tools used by humans in the neolithic period.
Ans- Two stone tools used by humans in the neolithic period was sickles and reaping knives.

Q6. What were the improvement brought about in pottery in the Neolithic Age?

Ans- In the Neolithic period human started making vessels of clay to store grains. Thay learn to bake clay pots, which had given durability and strength.

                In this period they learn to make clay pots with the help of potters wheel.

Q7. What was unusual about the Neolithic Houses found at Burzahom, Kashmir?

Ans- They remains of Neolithic houses are very unusual as these houses were below ground level. The people dug pit into the ground with the help of Stone tools and plastered it with mud. These pits were in round, oval or rectangular in shape.

Q8. In which state of India has cord impressed Neolithic pottery been found?

Ans- The cord impressed Neolithic Pottery have been found at Daojali Hading and Sarutaru in Assam and Selbalgiri in Meghalaya.

Answer in details:-

Q1. Write a note about agriculture during the Neolithic Age.

Ans- Agriculture was gradually learned by the people during a long period of time. They had identifies best quality seeds for the plantation. like- wheat, millet and pulses.

                They also learn to plough the field before planting seeds which improved the production of agriculture.

                After harvesting field was cleared by burning the rest or the next season.

Q2. What do you know about the houses built by the people of Neolithic Period?

Ans- Earlier humans used bushes and animal skin to make their shelter. In Neolithic period they made shelters with the help of dried grass and mud. In early Neolithic age at some places use of bricks had also been found. These settlements have been found in river valleys.

Q3. What is the significance of the wheel and axle system?

Ans-  In Neolithic period wheel- axle system was evolved, which allowed wheels to rotate freely. Significance of this invention was as follows:-

                - The potter's wheel lead to the development of better clay pots.

                - Improved the speed of transportation.

                - Heavy loads could also be transported easily.

                - It was also used to spin cotton thread which could then be woven into cloth.

These developments have made the human life easier and better.

Q4- Write a summary on religious belief of Neolithic people.

Ans- In Neolithic period humans were worshiping the powers of nature, like- fire and sun. Statues of Mother Goddess have also been found from various Neolithic sites. The development of religious belief could be the early form of Hinduism.

Q5.Describe the life of the Neolithic humans who lived in Mehrgarh.

Ans- Mehrgarh is a Neolithic site situated in Pakistan. This place was inhabited from 7000 BCE to 2500 BCE.

                They were doing the cultivation of barley and wheat and collecting fruits from the forest . Hunting of animals was also done. Animals like- Sheep, Goat and Cattle have been domesticated. Their tools were made up of stone and bone, various Microlths have also been found.

                In the later period many agricultural techniques had been evolved. Large granary the storage of grains had also been found from there.