class7 civicsch4

Q1. Name any four forms of media.

Ans. Four forms of media are- News Paper, Television, Radio, Internet

Q2. Give examples for the means of communication in the ancient world.

Ans. In ancient world the means of communication were-

                - Drums, used to pass message to long distance.

                - A messenger was sent to deliver message.

Q3. What is an 'informed opinion'?

Ans. 'Informed Opinion' are the opinion formed through secondary source of information is called Informed Opinion.

Q4. What is meant by freedom of speech?

Ans. Freedom of speech gives the right to express the thought and ideas to every individual.

Q5. Why should the media be responsible?

Ans. Media should be responsible because it is the only means of communication between the government and people, as it aware the people about the policies of the government as well as the problems of the people to the government.

Q6. Why should the media be accountable ?

Ans. Media is the one which creates awareness about various social issues and acts as a medium of communication between people and government. To do their work properly they must understand their  accountability towards the society and the nation.

Q7. What is a blog?

Ans. Blogs are the electronic medium of communication through which people can express their thought and ideas in front of the world through internet.

Q8. What is meant by unbiased information? Why should the media be unbiased?

Ans. Information which is communicated without any manipulation is called unbiased information. media must be unbiased to deliver correct information to the people.

Q9. What is the right to information Act? explain its benefits.

Ans. Right to information act allow citizens of India to ask any information from government by giving an application. The answer must be given within 30 days or in emergency condition within 24 hours.

                This act had improved transparency in the functioning of the government organisation and helpful in reducing corruption.

Class6 His ch5

Answer in Brief.

Q1. Where are the Aryans believed to have originated from?

Ans. The Aryans were believed to be originated in the areas surrounding the Caspian sea in southern Russia.

Q2. Name the two types of pottery associated with the Vedic People.

Ans. The two pottery associated with the Vedic people are handmade and wheel made pottery.

Q3. What was the impact of tools made of iron on agriculture?

Ans. Iron tools were strong, durable and more efficient than the copper and bronze tools. It was easy to clear forest with iron tools which increased agricultural land. With efficient tools agricultural production also increased.

Q4. Name the various religious books of the Vedic people.

Ans. In Vedic Period many religious books had been written, which are as follows-

                - The Rig Veda, The Yajur Veda, The Sama Veda and The Atharva Veda

                - The Brahamanas, The Aryanyaks, The Upnishad and The Puranas

                - Epics of The Ramayana and The Mahabharata

Q5. Distinguish between microlith and megalith.

Ans.       Microlith-

                a) Small objects of stone.

                b) Made by chipping method

               

               Megaligh

                a) Large objects of stone

                b) Made by the use of strong Iron tools to cut the stones.

Long Answer Type:-

Q1. Describe the government system of the aryans.

Ans. Democratic government system was used by Aryans as the chief of the tribe was chosen by the people of tribe, who was called 'Rajan'. His commander of army was called Senani and priest were called Purohit.

                The two assemblies 'Sabha' and 'Samiti' were there to help Rajan. The most qualified member of the tribe was selected as Rajan. Rajan was receiving gifts but no regular tax system was in practice.

Q2. Explain the pyramid-like social system of the Aryans. How did it change over time?

Ans. Initially the Aryan society was classified into four varnas. These varnas were on the basis of their occupation as The Brahmins were the priest, The Kshatriyas were the ruler and worriors, The Vaishyas were the traders and The Sudras were serving other three groups. Initially it was interchangeable but by the time it has become hereditary and turned into the pyramid like social system. The Brahmins were on the top of it, on Second Rank Kshatriyas were there, The Vaishayas were third powerful class of the society and at the bottom level the Sudras had been placed.

Q3. Describe the nature of economy of Vedic society.

Ans. The Economy of Vedic society was based on agriculture. Potter, weaver, carpenter, etc. were also there in society.

                Trade was also done through land and sea with other parts of world. For trade barter system was practiced, so the whole economy was based upon exchange of goods.

Q4. Give a sketch of the life of the Chalcolithic people of Inamgaon.

Ans. The life of the Chalcolithic people of Inamgaon were mostly dependant on agriculture. They were producing barley, wheat, peas, gram and wheat. They have domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and pigs. They were also hunting animals.

                Walls of their houses were made of mud and branches of trees and roofs were thatched with grass.

                They were making pottery by wheel and baked them. They were burying dead with clay pots containing food and water they were worshipping gods and goddesses.

Q5. Give an account of the megalithic settlements of South India.

Ans. Megalithic settlements of South India is of 1000 BCE.

                In These settlements different types of graves which are cut into rocks and covered with flat stone. These megaliths were cut by the use of iron tools. These were graves containing bones of many animals like- cow, dog, sheep, horse, pig, bird, etc. and many pots have also been found from these graves.

                These things were kept with the dead in the megalith graves.

Class7 His Ch4

Answer in brief

Q1. Name the rulers who invited Babur to India to defeat Ibrahim Lodi.

Ans. Babur was invited by Maharana Sangram Singh(Rana Sanga), the king of Mewar and Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor of Punjab to defeat Ibrahim Lodi.

Q2. Why did Humayun have to flee from his kingdom? Did he return?

Ans. Humayun was defeated by Sher Khan in 1539 CE in battle of Chausa and in 1540 CE in the battle of Kannauj. He lost control over his kingdom and fled to Sind.

                He returned in 1555 CE and reestablished his control over the kingdom.

Q3. Who Were the participants in the Second Battle of Panipat? What was the result of the battle?

Ans. In the Second battle of Panipat in 1556 CE Akbar and Bairam Khan fought with Hemu the army general of Adil Shah.

                In this battle Hemu was defeated by Akbar.

Q4. Write a short note on the Din-i-Ilahi.

Ans. Din-i-Ilahi was a religion started by Akbar which was based on the teachings of major religions. In it he stressed on the belief in one god. But this new faith was not accepted by the orthodox muslims.

Q5. Name the 'Navaratnas' in Akbar's Court.

Ans. Navaratnas of Akbar's Court were-

                Mian Tansen

                Abul Fazal

                Birbal

                Todar Mal

                Man Singh

                Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana

                Aziao-Din

                Mulla do-piyaza

                Faizi

Q6. Name the British visitors sent by King Jems I to the court of Jahangir.

Ans. Captain William Hawkins in 1608 CE and Sir Thomas Roe in 1614 CE was sent by King Jems 1 in the court of Jahangir.

Q7. What is mansabdari system?

Ans. Mansabdari system was the system of administration followed by Akbar, in which offices were arranged in a hierarchy. Officers of different were given jagir or piece of land according to their rank or zat. Jagir or Piece of land given to them was the source of earning to them instead of paying salary to them.

Q8. Which act of Aurangzeb antagonised the Sikhs?

Ans. Execution of 9th Guru, Guru Teg Bahadur was done by Aurangzeb which lead to the conflict between Sikhs and Aurangzeb.

Answer in Detail.

Q1. Describe the personal qualities of Babur.

Ans. Babur was a great army chief who first combined artillery and cavalry to win the battles and established Mughal Empire in India.

                He was also a great Scholar and poet. He had written autobiography called Baburnama.

Q2. Give a shor sketch of Akbar's conquest.

Ans. In 1556 CE when Akbar become the emperor, he has to fight with the Hemu to protect his kingdom in 2nd battle of Panipat. After that he further extended his kingdom from Afghanistan to Bengal and from Kashmir to Deccan.

                He developed a strong administrative system and for the stability in kingdom he established good relationship with Rajputs and Sikhs. he followed the policy of religious tolerance to develop harmony in the society.

Q3. Write a note on the reforms and welfare activities carried out by Sher Shah.

Ans. Sher Shah did various types of reforms and welfare activities during his rule. Some of them are as follows-

                - He build the Grand Trunk Road from Bengal to Peshwar

                - Developed Carvanserais for the travellers

                - Issued coins of Copper called dam, Silver coins called rupiya and Gold coins called Mohar.

Q4. Why is Akbar known as Akbar the Great? Explain in details.

Ans. Akabr is known as Akbar the Great because of policy of religious tolerance and for giving patronage to the scholars, Artists and musicians which were called the nine jems of his court.

                He established a strong empire with harmony and peace between different social groups. He had also removed the Jaziya tax which was imposed upon non-Muslims.  During his rule there was stability and development in the Kingdom.

Q5. In what ways did Europeans interact with the rulers of the Mughal Empire? Describe the influence of the British in Jahangir's court.

Ans. Europeans first interacted with the rulers of Mughal Empire to establish trade relation. They have reached India through Sea ways.

                From Britain Captain William Hawkins visited The court of Mughal emperor Jahangir  for requesting permission of trade in 1608. He communicated with Jahangir in Turki and earned his goodwill, later he had been appointed as mansabdar in the court of Jahangir.

                In 1614 CE British Ambassador Sir Thomas Roe was sent by the King Jems 1 in the court of Jahangir, where he stayed till 1618 CE and singed a formal treaty by which he received liberal trade concessions. Britishers also got permission to setup factory at Surat.

Q6. Explain how Aurangzeb's Rajput, Deccan and Sikh policies lead to the decline of the Mughal Empire.

Ans. Aurangzeb was not  a tolerant ruler, he had again imposed Jaziya tax over non-muslims. Due to his religious policies hindu leaders stopped supporting him.

                Aurangzeb tried to annex the Kingdom of Rajputs, Due to which he lost their loyalty and support.

                During the extension of his kingdom into deccan he confronted with Marathas. Under the leadership of Shiva Ji marathas power was growing day by day. He was not able to defeat Marathas completely and suffered heavy loss in battle with them.

                Aurangzeb executed ninth Guru of Sikh, Guru Teg Bahadur, which lead to the development of army of brotherhood by Guru Gobind Singh to fight against Mughals.

                These acts weaken mughal empire and after his death mughal empire started to decline.  

class6 civics ch4

Q1. What are the key elements of democracy?

Ans. The key element of democracy are:-

                - Participation

                - Accountability

                - Conflict Resolution

                - Concern for equality and justice

Q2. Explain the meaning of participation.

Ans. Participation means 'taking part'. It is necessary that the people must take part in democracy actively. The people have power to influence the decision making process of government as well as to form the government by giving their vote.

Q3. Explain the term 'accountability'.

Ans. Accountability refers to 'being responsible'. According to this the representatives must understand their responsibilities and work for the development of society. Similarly police and judiciary are responsible to maintain justice in the society and punish them who brakes the law.

Q4. What is meant by conflict resolution?

Ans. Conflict resolution is the act of maintaining harmony by removing all types of differences and treating everyone equally.

                Conflict resolution is the responsibility of Judiciary and Police.

Q5. What are the steps taken by the government for the welfare of the people treated as untouchables?

Ans. Steps taken by government for the welfare of the untouchables are as follows:-

                - Seats are reserved for them in government institutions and in parliament   to give equal opportunity to them.

                - Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste, creed or Colour.

Q6. Describe how democracies ensure equality and justice for all.

Ans. Democracies ensure equality and justice to all by-

                - Giving equal rights to all the citizens

                - Everyone in the democracy considered equal before the law

                - Prohibits discrimination in all the forms

Class6 his ch4

Answer in brief.

Q1. Mention two places in Pakistan and two in India, where Indus sites have been found.

Ans.       Pakistan- Harappa, Mehrgarh

              India- Ropar (Punjab), Kalibangan(Rajasthan)

Q2. What were the two parts into which the Indus cities were divided?

Ans.       The Indus cities were divided in two parts- Upper town and Lower town.

                Upper town was also known as Citadel.

Q3. Give two examples for the advancement of arts in the Indus civilisation.

Ans. Bronze statue of 'Dancing Girl' and Terracotta toys are great example of arts in the Indus Civilisation.

Q4. Write a brief note on the seals of the Indus civilisation.

Ans. Seals of the Indus valley were made of Steatite. These were showing figures of animals with writings on the top. These were square and round in Shape.

Q5. What evidence suggests that the Indus people had trade relations with the Mesopotamians?

Ans. Statue of a Bearded Man found in Indus valley seems to be associated with Mesopotamia and ornaments of Indus valley civilisation have been found from Mesopotamia which shows that there was trade between them.

Answer in Detail

Q1. Explain how improvement in agriculture lead to advancement in lifestyle.

Ans. Improvement in agriculture lead to the advancement in life because surplus production of grains was done due to which people had time to spend on other activities which lead to the development of art and craft, trade, writing skill and many other inventions had been done. This gradual development lead to the development of first civilisation.

Q2. Write a detailed note on the nature of town planning in the Indus cities.

Ans. Indus valley cities were well structured and organised. Harappa and Mohanjodaro werethe main cities of the Indus valley civilisation. Important features of these cities were as follows-

                - All the streets were cutting each other at right angle.

                - The City was divided into two parts- Citadel and lower town. Lower town was residential area for the common people.

                - Citadel was made on high platform, all the public and administrative buildings were there.

                - Houses were build on both the sides of road and were connected with drainage system.

                - All the structures were made of baked bricks.

Q3. What were the foods that the people of the Indus civilisation ate?

Ans.  In Indus civilisation people were cultivating many types of crop. like- Wheat, Barley, Mustered, Sesame, Bajra, Ragi, Jwar and Pulses.

                These crops were used as food by them as well as they were also using fish, meat, milk, date and fruits.

Q4. What do you know about the clothes worn by the people of the Indus Civilisation?

Ans. In Indus valley civilisation people were using cotton and woolen clothes.

                Men wore flowing length of cloth, women wore skirts and both were using shawl to cover their shoulders.

                Men and Women both were using ornaments made of gold, silver and semi precious stone. These ornaments were bangles, earrings and necklaces, etc.

Q5. Write a summary on the religious beliefs of the people of the Indus civilisation.

Ans. From various sites of Indus valley civilisation many remains, like- the figurine of mother goddess and Pipal tree have been found, which tells us about their religious practices.

                They were burying dead bodies wearing ornaments with few pots.

Q6. What could be the reasons for the decline of the Indus civilisation?

Ans.-  No certain cause is known for the decline of the Indus civilisation, but historian suggest that this civilisation might have been destroyed due to flood or earthquakes.

                It is assumed that due to earthquake rivers changed their course with resulted in floods and droughts, which might have caused crops to fail and spread of epidemics.

class6 civics ch3

Q1. Ans- Government is necessary for many reasons, which are as follows:-

                - To maintain law and order

                - To protect the interest of the people

                - To settle dispute

                - To administer the land

Q2. Ans- Different functions of the government are as follows-

                - It develop and maintain facilities for the citizen

                - It makes law and enforce it to maintain order in the society

                - It controls all kind of day to day affairs of the country

                - It protects it territory and give protection to citizens.

.

Q3. Ans- Administrative functions of the Government are as follows-

                - Managing Day to day affairs of the country

                - It provides basic infrastructure, like- road, railway, public transport, street light, etc.

                - It provides public facilities, like- libraries, parks, etc.

                - It also maintain relationship with other nation.

Q4. Ans- Economic functions of the government are as follows:-

                - forms the financial policies of the state

                - The government takes all the financial decisions of the country

                - it issues currencies

                - controls trade

Q5. Ans- The collective decision making is a process of including  all the members of the society in the decision making to ensure equal participation of every section of the society or group.

Q6. Ans- Universal Adult franchise refers to the right to vote given to every citizen who have attained the age of 18.

Q7. Ans- The Suffragette movement was done by the women in demand of 'right to vote'. This movement was first started in 1848 in USA, as the women were not allowed to vote in the election as they were not considered equal to the men.

Q8. Ans- The Anti-Apartheid movement was to fight against the discrimination done with the non-white people of Africa. They were denied of basic human rights and political rights.

                Non-white were not allowed to live in residential area of white people, separate schools and public facilities have been developed for them.

                This movement was led by Nelson Mandela in South Africa.

Q9. Ans- Monarchy is a form of government in which-

                - King or Queen is the head of the government

                - Their position is hereditary as the power is transferred from king or queen to their children.

 Q10. Ans- Dictatorship is a form of government  in which-

                - Power lies in the hand of a person or leader of a small group as long as he is able to hold the power.

                - No election is done and no freedom is given to the people.

Q11. Ans- Democracy is the best form of government because-

                - It is made by the people through electing their leader to work for them

                - Right to vote is given to all the citizen who have attained age of 18.

                - Real power lies in the hand of people as they have the power of creating government.

class7 civics ch3

Brief answer type

Q1. Ans- The three different levels of government of India are-

                - The Central level

                - The State level

                - The Local level

Q2. Ans- The three branches of state government are:-

                - The Legislature

                - The Executive

                - The Judiciary

Q3. Ans- Member of Legislative Assembly.

Q4. Ans- Formation of law is the main function of legislature.

Q5. Ans- The State executive is constituted by the Governor of the State.

Q6. Ans- The Chief Minister and the council of ministers take all policy decisions in the state.

Q7. Ans- In State there is High Court, District and Session Court, Provincial Court and Nyaya Panchayat.

                In State High Court is the highest authority among them.

Detailed answer type

Q1. What are the Power of Governor of the State?

Ans- Power of Governor of the State are as follows:-

                - Appoints the leader of Majority Party as Chief Minister and on his advice appoints Council of                     Ministers and many other higher officials.

                - Convene and Prorogues the assembly session.

                - Can Reduce Judicial Punishment.

                - Recommends President's rule in the State, When no party is in majority in the assembly or                         assembly is dissolved due to other reasons.

                - In President's rule power lies in the hand of Governor.

Q2. Ans- The appointment of council of ministers is done by the Governor on the advice of chief minister.

                Its functions are as follows:-

                - Each Minister administer the department assigned to him.

                - They are answerable to the Legislative houses.

Q3. Ans- The Political Party who gets majority after the assembly election is invited by the Governor to form the Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed as chief minister.

Q4. Ans- Education is a very important field for the development of country.

                State government can better understand the social condition of their area and allocate available resource in best possible way. like- giving Mid-Day-Meal to the people.

                Right to Education is a fundamental right, so it is the duty of the government to ensure education to all.

Class7 civ ch2

Q1. 'The right to vote was not always a universal right.' Explain with examples.

Ans- In the early stage of democracy the right to vote was not universal as it was only given to selected social groups, for example:- In Britain protestant male land lords had only been given right to vote and labours and women were not included.

Q2. What are elections? What are the requirements for fair elections?

Ans- The process of selecting representative by people is called election. Right to vote is practiced by the people in elections, so it must be fair. Requirement for fair election are as follows:-

                - Votes of every citizen must carry same value.

                - The people must have candidates of different political parties to chose from.

                - All the citizens must give their vote freely. There must not be any pressure on voters.

Q3. Name any four political parties of India.

Ans-       Bhartiya Janta Party

                Congress

                Samajwadi Party

                Janta Dal

Q4. Differentiate between a bye-election and a mid-term election.

Ans-                       Bye Election                                                Mid Term Election

           i) When any place in assembly get         i) If the assembly is dissolved

                vacated, then it is filled by                   before five years, it lead to the

                Bye Election.                                        Mid Term election.

           ii) It is conducted only at related           ii) It is conducted in whole areas.

                Constituency. 

Q5. What is constituency? Why are some constituencies reserved in India?

Ans- Division of an area into small units for the election is called constituency. from each constituency one candidate is elected.

                Some constituencies are reserved for the deprived section of society, like- Scheduled Caste, Scheduled tribe, women, etc. it is to provide them equal opportunity.

Q6. Differentiate between absolute majority and simple majority.

Ans-                   Absolute Majority                                    Simple Majority

                When more than half of the total                 When no one gets half of the 

                 votes in favor of one candidate.                  total votes given by the people.

Q7.  What are the different types of party systems in the world? What system does India have?

Ans- There are three different types of party systems in the world which are:-

                i) Single Party System

                ii) Dual Party System

                iii) Multi Party System

In India multi party system is followed.

Q8. what is Coalition Government?

Ans- When two or more parties combine together to form government, such government is called Coalition Government.

ClassVI His ch3

Answer in brief

Q1. Name any five Neolithic settlements in India.

Ans- Five Neolithic settlements in India are as follows:-

                - Burzahom in Kashmir.

                - Daojali Hading and Sarutaru in Assam

                - Chirand in Bihar

                - Kuchai in Odisha

Q2. What crops are grown during the Neolithic Period?

Ans- In Neolithic Period human learn to grow Wheat, Barley, Millet and Pulses.

Q3. What animals were domesticated by Neolithic humans?

Ans- Neolithic people have domesticated Oxen, Pigs, and Goat for milk and meat.

Q4. What is meant by division of labour?

Ans- Division of labour means people of society are engaged in different activities to produce different things required by the society. like- Producing clay pots, metal tools, toys, etc.

Q5. Mention two stone tools used by humans in the neolithic period.
Ans- Two stone tools used by humans in the neolithic period was sickles and reaping knives.

Q6. What were the improvement brought about in pottery in the Neolithic Age?

Ans- In the Neolithic period human started making vessels of clay to store grains. Thay learn to bake clay pots, which had given durability and strength.

                In this period they learn to make clay pots with the help of potters wheel.

Q7. What was unusual about the Neolithic Houses found at Burzahom, Kashmir?

Ans- They remains of Neolithic houses are very unusual as these houses were below ground level. The people dug pit into the ground with the help of Stone tools and plastered it with mud. These pits were in round, oval or rectangular in shape.

Q8. In which state of India has cord impressed Neolithic pottery been found?

Ans- The cord impressed Neolithic Pottery have been found at Daojali Hading and Sarutaru in Assam and Selbalgiri in Meghalaya.

Answer in details:-

Q1. Write a note about agriculture during the Neolithic Age.

Ans- Agriculture was gradually learned by the people during a long period of time. They had identifies best quality seeds for the plantation. like- wheat, millet and pulses.

                They also learn to plough the field before planting seeds which improved the production of agriculture.

                After harvesting field was cleared by burning the rest or the next season.

Q2. What do you know about the houses built by the people of Neolithic Period?

Ans- Earlier humans used bushes and animal skin to make their shelter. In Neolithic period they made shelters with the help of dried grass and mud. In early Neolithic age at some places use of bricks had also been found. These settlements have been found in river valleys.

Q3. What is the significance of the wheel and axle system?

Ans-  In Neolithic period wheel- axle system was evolved, which allowed wheels to rotate freely. Significance of this invention was as follows:-

                - The potter's wheel lead to the development of better clay pots.

                - Improved the speed of transportation.

                - Heavy loads could also be transported easily.

                - It was also used to spin cotton thread which could then be woven into cloth.

These developments have made the human life easier and better.

Q4- Write a summary on religious belief of Neolithic people.

Ans- In Neolithic period humans were worshiping the powers of nature, like- fire and sun. Statues of Mother Goddess have also been found from various Neolithic sites. The development of religious belief could be the early form of Hinduism.

Q5.Describe the life of the Neolithic humans who lived in Mehrgarh.

Ans- Mehrgarh is a Neolithic site situated in Pakistan. This place was inhabited from 7000 BCE to 2500 BCE.

                They were doing the cultivation of barley and wheat and collecting fruits from the forest . Hunting of animals was also done. Animals like- Sheep, Goat and Cattle have been domesticated. Their tools were made up of stone and bone, various Microlths have also been found.

                In the later period many agricultural techniques had been evolved. Large granary the storage of grains had also been found from there.

Class6 civ ch2

Q1 Explain the term 'Prejudice' and 'Discrimination'.

Ans- Prejudice :- Judging unfairly without being aware of the fact about anyone.

         Discrimination:- Expressing prejudice in action is called discrimination.

Q2. Explain cast forms a basis for discrimination.

Ans- Cast divides society into different groups which leads to superiority and inferiority among them, which causes discrimination between social groups.

Q3. What is meant by 'Stereotype'? Give an example.

Ans- A generalisation related to person or group of person called 'Stereotype. for ex- only boys can play cricket.

                But there are a many women cricket teams existing in the world.

Q4. Give two examples to show how girls and women are treated unfairly?

Ans- Examples to show how girls and women are treated unfairly are as follows:-

                - Girl Child is given less importance and attention in terms of healthcare, food and education.

                - Dowry is still being demanded in marriage from girls family.

Q5. Why does the people prohibit dowry and child marriage?

Ans- Dowry and child marriage are the two evil act which are cause of many crimes against girls and women in Indian society.

                Dowry is also a major cause behind the female foeticide as families do not wish to have girl child.

                Child marriage can also lead to physical and psychological problems after marriage at young age.

So, People must raise voice against these and prevent dowry and child marriage.

Q6. How does Indian constitution prevent discrimination?

Ans- The preamble of the Indian constitution itself declare that it guarantees social, economical and political justice to all.

                It also provides fundamental rights to every citizen and gives equal status in the society. It gives freedom of religion, right to equality, freedom of speech, etc. to the people.

                These rights prevent all types of discrimination in the society by giving equal right and opportunities to the people. These rights are protected through the court of law.

Class6 His ch2

Short answer type questions:-

Q1. In the early ages of development human learn to use stones as tools for various works like- Hunting, digging etc., Due to use of stones the period is known as stone age.

Q2- The three division of the stone age are:-

o    Paleolithic Age

o    Mesolithic Age

o    Neolithic Age

Q3- Archaeological evidences like stone tools, clay pots etc, are the sources of information of this period.

Q4- Old stone age people had to move from place to place in search of food and shelter.

Q5- The change in climate occurred around 9000 BCE and the climate become warmer and drier which improved the biodiversity and due to increase in variety of plants and animals, now it was easier to hunt and gather food. 

Answer in details:-

Q1.- The period in which humans were using stone to make their tools and weapons for hunting animals and digging soil is called stone age.

About this period all the information are available with the help of Archaeological resources, like- weapons and tools of stone, Bones, tools of bones,  etc.

Q2.- Paleolithic Age was the first phase of stone age in which humans were using raw stones as their weapons. These weapons were large in size and less efficient than tools of other ages. Some tools were also made by chipping process of making stone flakes, these flakes were with flat sharp edge, such tools were used as hand Axe, hammer and chopper.

Q3- In Mesolithic period humans were spending life of hunters and gatherers. They have also learned to tame animals and grow crops. They learn to grow barley and wheat. In this period humans have explored new ways to get food.

Q4- Cave paintings are made by humans during Paleolithic and Mesolithic age in the caves, which was used them as shelter. With the help of cave paintings events of their life have been painted on the walls of cave. In Bhembetka more than 450 cave with paintings have been discovered which provide information about their life.

Q5- Microliths were small stone tools developed in the Mesolithic period. These tools were small and light weight, due to which could be handled easily compare to the tools of old stone age.

Microliths had sharp edges and its size were less than 3 inch.

Q6- a) Fire:- When humans learn to control fire, it was used for :-

·         Protecting from wild animals

·         cooking food

·         for light

Cooked food was softer, tastier and easy to eat.

b) The Wheels:- Wheels were very important discovery of the humans. Development of wheels made transportation easier and lead to the development of civilisation.

c) Agriculture:- With Agriculture human learn to grow their food at one place which lead to the development of human settlements because of the availability of the food.

d) The use of Metal:- with the use of metals tools and weapons were strong and more efficient than stone tools, which made their life easier.

Q7- The Hunsgi and Baichbal Valley in Karnataka was having favorable condition for the development of human settlements.

       Springs were available as perennial source of water, Lime stone was available for making stone tools and the valley was with wide variety of plants and animals for food. 

class7 His ch3

Short answer type:-

Q1. Name the five dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate.

Ans.-  Name of five dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate are:-

-          The Slave Dynasty

-          The Khiljis

-          The Tughlaqs

-          The Sayyids

-          The Lodis

Q2. Why is Slave Dynasty called so?

Ans.- Qutubuddin Aibak who established dynasty was the slave of Mohammad Ghori, that is why this dynasty was called Slave Dynasty.

Q3. What were the major victories of Iltutmish?

Ans- Major victories of Iltutmish are as follows:-

-          Defeated Yaldoj and got control over Lahor and Punjab.

-          Defeated Qabacha, The governor of Sindh.

-          Conquered Ranthambor, Ajmer and Gwalior by defeating Rajput chief.

-          Gain control over Bengal and Bihar.

Q4. Why did Mohammad Bin Tughlaq plan to shift his capital fai?

Ans.- Mohammad Bin Tughlaq plan to shift capital fail because of two reason:-

-          Shifting of all the people of Delhi to Dulatabad caused great heardship.

-          North Indian areas were exposed to the attack of Mongols.

Q5- Write a short note on system of Iqtas.

Ans.- Tughlaq followed Iqta System for the administration in which the kingdom was divided into small parts known as Iqta  and the tax collection right were given to the head of Iqta known as Iqtedar. They also had to maintain army at local level.

Q6- Write a short note on Timur.

Ans- Timur was a central Asian Turk who established kingdom in Samarkand. He had attacked over India during the rule of Muhammad Tughlaq and destroyed Delhi, Meerut and Jammu in 1398 CE.

Long Answer Type Questions:-

Q1. Write a note on Razia Sultan.

Ans.- Razia Sultan was the daughter of Iltutmish. She is the only women ruler who ruled over Delhi. She got the power in absence of efficient son for the throne.

                Razia had to face many problems while ruling over the Kingdom because no one was in favour of her rule. Many officials of her court were not ready to follow her leadership. Her brothers were also against her.

Q2. Describe the administration of Alauddin Khalji.

Ans.- Alauddin Khalji had done many reforms in the administration, which are as follows-

-          Land revenue was fixed for peasants and it was directly collected from them.

-          Government officials and priests had to pay tax for their land holdings.

-          Revenue could be paid in cash or in kind directly to the state.

-          Market was brought under the control of officers. Prices of commodities had been fixed.

-          To prevent Conspiracies among the nobles, there was ban on assemblies and banquets.

-          System of Espionage was developed to monitor functioning of every level.

Q3. Write an essay of strength and weakness of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.

Ans- Muhammad Bin Tughlaq was a very efficient ruler, He was a good commander. He extended his kingdom and taken three major decision which had gone against his prestige.

                These Decisions were:-

                                - Changing Capital from Delhi to Daulatabad

                                - Increased taxation in Delhi.

                                - Introduction of token currency

                Due to lack of proper planning and organisation these decisions had been failed.

Q4- Discuss in details the nature of administration under the Tughlaq. How it was different from that of the Alauddin Khalji.

Ans- Tughlaq followed Iqta System for the administration in which the kingdom was divided into small parts known as Iqta  and the tax collection right were given to the head of Iqta known as Iqtedar. They had to also maintain army at local level.

                The Administration of Alauddin Khalji, The system was directly controlled by the king and the army was maintained centrally.

class8 His ch3

Q5. The Pitt’s India Act (1784) laid the foundation for British administration in India?

Ans.- The Pitt’s India Act transferred the control of Indian territories in the hand British Government and the Governor general had become the head of the Indian areas including Bombay and Madras. The six members committee was made in Britain to monitor the affairs of Indian territories.

                After this act East India Company lost the control over the India administration but the monopoly in trade was maintained by them.

Q6. What were the major features of the Indian Civil Service?

Ans.- The Civil Services in India was founded by the governor general Lord Cornwallis. He separated the executive from the Judiciary.

Trained capable and honest persons had been appointed at the post of collector, paid them high salaries to prevent corruption.

The duty of the collector was to maintain law and order in the society and monitor collection of revenue from the districts.

Their selection was done through competitive examination in which Indians were allowed to apply for lower ranks. Higher ranks had been reserved for British Candidates only.

class7 His ch-2

Short answer type:-

Q1- Write a short note on the Parmaras.

Ans. The Paramaras were Rajput rulers, who were ruling in the Malwa region. They have made ‘Dhar’ as their capital and most important ruler of this dynasty was ‘Raja Bhoj’.

Q2.- Write a Paragraph on the Palas.

Ans- After the decline of Harshvardhana in 647 CE, the whole kingdom broke into small areas and in the Bengal region people selected  a gopala to rule over the kingdom, His son Dharmpala founded the pala Dynasty.

Q3.- Who was Mahmud of Ghazni?  What was the purpose of his invasion of India.

Ans.- Mahmud of Ghazni was the Turkish ruler who invaded India to loot the wealth of the rich Indian cities.

Q4- Write who were the participants and what was the result of  i) The first battle of Tarain

        ii) The second battle of tarain?

Ans.- i) The Battle of Tarain:- This battle was fought between Mohammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan in 1191 AD. This battle was won by Prithviraj Chauhan

                ii) The Second Battle of Tarain:- This battle was also fought between Mohammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan in 1192 AD. Prithviraj Chauhan lost in this battle and Mohammad Ghori  got control  over Ajmer and Delhi.

Answer in details:-

Q1.- Who were this Rajputs? Why is the period between the 8^th and 12^th centuries  CE known as the Rajput Period in India?

Ans- Rajputs were Kshatriya clans who were ruling in the Rajasthan region. They had established rule over northern plains between 8^th to 12^th Century CE. Due to dominance of Rajputs this period is known as Rajput Period.

Q2.- Who were the Pratiharas? Describe how and where they came to power and how their kingdom ended?

Ans.- With the invasion of Huns at the time of Harshvardhana Gurjara clans came to India and established their rule over Punjab and south Rajasthan. Pratiharas were one of the strongest among them who established kingdom in India in northern plains.

                Their kingdom came to an end due to the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni, which had weaken the power of Gurjar-Pratiharas.

Q3- Write an essay on the Rashtrakutas dynasty outlining how they built their empire.

Ans.- Rashtrakutas Dynasty was established by Dantidurga after defeating chalukya king. He also conquered Malwa, Kalinga, Kosala and Srisailam.

                He was succeeded by Krishna 1 who had built kailashnath temple at Elora.

                After Krishna 1, Dhruvarsha extended the kingdom and got control over Kannauj after defeating Gurjara-Pratiharas and Palas.

                The last efficient  ruler of the Rashtrakutas was Amoghhvarshan 1. He was known for development in art and literature in Sanskrit and Kannad language.

Q4. Write a summary of the military victories of Rajaraja Chola and Rajendra Chola. Include a note on their army and navy.

Ans.-  Rajaraja chola extended his Kingdom by defeating Pandayas,Cheras and Chalukyas . After defeating them he got control over south India and the part of deccan.

                He was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola who keep on extending his kingdom. Rajendra Chola defeated Mahipala and got control over the Bengal, Orisa and part of Bihar. He also spread the kingdom overseas by the help of navy over Srilanka, Malaya and Andaman Nicobar Island.

                The Cholas were maintaining Strong Army and Navy. The army consist of infantry, Cavalry and elephant. The best quality horses had been imported from Arabian countries and regular training was given to the forces to maintain their efficiency. They were also holding a powerful navy of that time.

Q5.- Describe Administrative system that prevailed in the Chola Empire.

Ans.- The Administrative system of the chola empire was Strong and organised . Everything was under the direct control of The King.

                The Kingdom was divided into two parts- Directly Administered areas and indirectly administered areas.

Indirectly administered areas were under the control of vassal chief. The directly administered areas were divided into six mandalams. Mandalams were divided into nadu and nadus were divided into Kurams or Kottams.

                The Village administration maintained by local assembly called Urs.

                Mahasabha was the assembly of Brahamanas who had authority to administer their areas but Sabha was under the direct control of officers called adhikaris.

                Sabha consisted of eight committees who were controlling different areas of local administration.