Class 6 Geography Chapter 6 Ratna Sagar

 Long Answer type Questions:-

Q1. Classify mountains of the basis of their origin. Explain each type.

Ans. Classification of mountains on the basis of their origin are as follows:-

        Fold Mountains- These mountains are the youngest mountains of the world, such mountains are created when two tectonic plates are pushing each other in opposite direction. Himalaya is the example of youngest fold mountain.

        Block Mountains- When cracks are caused in the earth crust due to tensional forces then these faults can break the crust into blocks. Due to rise of these blocks, block mountain is formed. It has steep slops and flat top.

        Volcanic Mountains- Accumulation of hot magma around the vent of the volcano due to regular eruption, which forms a cone shaped mountain. Such conical mountains are called Volcanic Mountains.

Q2. Explain the process involved in the formation of mountains.

Ans. The Process involved in the formation of mountains are as follows:-

        Fold Mountains- These mountains are the youngest mountains of the world, such mountains are formed when two tectonic plates are pushing each other in opposite direction. Himalaya is the example of youngest fold mountain.

        Block Mountains- When cracks are caused in the earth crust due to tensional forces then these faults can break the crust into blocks. Due to rise of these blocks, block mountain is formed. It has steep slops and flat top.

        Volcanic Mountains- Accumulation of hot magma around the vent of the volcano due to regular eruption, which forms a cone shaped mountain. Such conical mountains are called Volcanic Mountains.

Q3. How are mountains useful to us?

Ans. Mountains are useful to us in following ways:-

        - They help in condensation of moisture by forcing the winds to rise.

        - They act like a barrier against cold and hot wind.

        - Rivers originating from mountains provide water throughout the year.

        - The mountain slops have rich pastures and valuable forest.

        - It provide sites for building dams for the generation of hydroelectricity.

        - In summer mountains serve as tourist and health resorts.

        - Some mountains have rich reserves of minerals.

Q4. How do mountains differ from plateaus?

Ans. Mountains differ from plateaus in many ways such as:-

        - Mountains are very high but plateaus have less height then that.

        - Mountains have conical peaks but plateaus have flat top.

Q5. What is the significance of plains for human beings?

Ans. Significance of plains for human beings are as follows:-

        - Plains are source of food grain, fruits and vegetable for the world. As Plains provide support to infrastructure development. 

        -  Most of the important cities are developed in plains because life is easier in plains.

        - Transportation is easier in plains compare to plateaus or mountains.

Class 7 Geography Chapter 6 Ratna Sagar

 Short Answer type questions:-

Q1. What are the main elements of weather and climate?

Ans. The main elements of weather and climate are-

        - Temperature of atmosphere

        - Atmospheric Pressure

        - Winds

        - Humidity 

        -  Precipitation

Q2. How is the atmosphere heated?

Ans. Insolation is absorbed by the earth surface and heat absorbed in day time is radiated back in the atmosphere, which is absorbed and maintained by greenhouse gasses near the surface of earth.

Q3. What do you mean by humidity in the atmosphere? How do we express it?

Ans. At a particular temperature the ratio of the moisture holding capacity and the actual amount of moisture present in atmosphere represents the level of humidity. 

Q4. Name the different forms of condensation and precipitation.

Ans. Different forms of condensation are- due, fog and clouds.

Long Answer type Questions:- 

Q1. Explain the factors responsible for the changes in atmospheric pressure on the earth's surface.

Ans. The factors responsible for the change in atmospheric pressure on the earth's surface are as follows:-

- Unequal heating of the earth- Different parts of the earth receives different level of insolation, which depends upon distance from the equator, when we move towards poles then the amount of radiation received by earth surface decreases in both hemisphere.

- Deflection of wind- due to earth rotation pressure belts are also affected and the earth is divided into seven pressure belts.

Q2. Describe the main features of planetary winds.

Ans. The main features of planetary winds are as follows:-

        - It blows in a particular direction throughout the year.

        - It is formed because of the presence of permanent high and low pressure belts on the surface of the earth.

Q3. How does the amount of moisture in the atmosphere vary from place to place and also from time to time?

Ans. The amount of moisture in the atmosphere vary from place to place and from time to time because-

    - The air in the equatorial region has more moisture than other regions of the world.

    - The air has more moisture during the summer than winter season.

    - The amount of moisture increases with increase in height above the sea level.

    - The amount of moisture is almost zero in the cold air of the polar region during the winter months.

Q4. Name and explain the various types of rainfall.

Ans. The various types of rainfall are as follows:-

        - Convectional Rainfall- Air gets heated after coming in contact with earth and becomes lighter. It rises up and become cooler with increase in height, which leads to condensation and formation of cumulus clouds, these clouds cause rainfall with thunder and lightning. Such type of rainfall is experienced every near the equator.

        - Orographic rainfall- When the moist air ascend along the slop of any mountain, then it leads to condensation and formation of clouds and cause rainfall. Such type of rainfall is experienced in areas near the mountains.

        - Cyclonic Rainfall- Cyclones are formed in warm sea, the air present here creates low pressure and cold wind blow towards these areas, when cold and warm wind comes in contact the lighter warm wind rides the cold wind, which increase the height of the warm air and condensation takes place in the warm air and rainfall takes place in along the path of cyclone.

Class 6 Geography Chapter 5 Ratna Sagar

 Short Answer type Questions:-

Q1. Name the continents in increasing order of their size.

Ans. Names of the continents in increasing order of their size are as follows:-

                Australia, Europe, Antarctica, South America, North America, Africa, Asia.

Q2. Name the oceans in increasing order of their size.

Ans. Names of the oceans in increasing order of their size are as follows:-

                Arctic ocean, Indian ocean, Atlantic ocean, Pacific ocean.

Q3. What is the composition of the atmosphere?

Ans.  Clean dry are contains 78% of Nitrogen, 21% of Oxygen and 1% other gases, like- Caron dioxide, neon, ozone, hydrogen, etc.

                Water vapour, dust particles, smoke, salt, etc. are also present in air.

Q4. Name the different layers of the atmosphere.

Ans. Different layers of atmosphere are as follows:-

-          Troposphere

-          Stratosphere

-          Mesosphere

-          Thermosphere

-          Exosphere

Q5. What are the main elements of the biosphere?

Ans. Plants, animals, human beings and microbes are some important components of biosphere, which are interdependent on one another.

Long Answer type questions:-

Q1. Write about at least one important physical feature of each continent.

Ans.  Important physical feature of each continent are as follows-

-          Asia- Himalaya is the highest mountains and the Tibet is the highest plateau of the world is found here.

-          Africa-  it has Vast desert like- Sahara and Great Rift valley.

-          North America-  Western costal area contain high mountains and plateaus, which is the part of ring of fire of pacific ocean.

-          South America- Andes mountains spreading through the west coast from Caribbean sea in the north to Cape Horn in the south.

-          Antarctica- this continent is always covered under thick layer of ice, so it is also called White continent.

-          Europe- This continent has alpine system which is a chain of high mountains extending from the Atlantic ocean in the west to the Caspian sea in the east.

-          Australia- The Great barrier reef is a found here along the north eastern coast, which is built by corals.

Q2. What is the importance of oceans for human beings?

Ans. The importance of oceans for human beings is as follows:-

-          It is the main source of moisture in atmosphere.

-          It also regulates the atmospheric temperature.

-          It is the source of various kinds of minerals and chemicals.

-           It is also the main source of fish and other marine life.

-          It provides free and permanent route for travel and trade.

-          Tidal energy is used to generate electricity.

-          Common salt is obtained from the ocean.

-          Shortage of drinking water can be solved by treating ocean water.

Q3. What is the importance of the atmosphere?

Ans.  Importance of the atmosphere is as follows:-

-          It prevents sun’s radiation and ultraviolet rays from reaching to earth surface.

-          It acts like a greenhouse and keeps earth surface warm and prevent the extremes of temperature during day and night.

-          Atmospheric pressure depends upon the temperature and pressure difference between two places cause wind, movement of wind helps in condensation of moisture and precipitation.

-          Weather changes are result of presence of atmosphere around the earth surface.

-          Sound waves are transmitted due to presence of air.

Q4. How are human beings disturbing the delicate balance of nature?

Ans.  Human beings are completely dependent on nature for fulfilling all their needs. Excessive use of natural resources cause pollution in the environment, such as-

-          Burning of fossil fuel cause environmental pollution and causing acidic rain.

-          Deforestation for timber and agricultural land cause global warming, land erosion and destroying wild life.

-          Use of fertilizers and insecticides causing water pollution and disturbing aquatic life.

-           Hunting of animals and cutting of forest has made many species extinct and many are endangered.

-          Waste material produced by the humans dumped over the land and causing degradation of land.

Class 7 Geography Chapter 5 Ratna Sagar

 Short answer type questions:-

Q1. What is the importance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

Ans. The carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere is important for the growth of plants.

Q2. Name the different layers of the atmosphere and their extent.

Ans. The different layers of the atmosphere and their extent are as follows:-

        - Troposphere - near poles about 8 km and near equator around 18 km.

        - Stratosphere - From around 15 to 50 km.

        - Mesosphere - From 50 to 80 km.

        - Thermosphere - From 80 to 800 km.

        - Exosphere - from 800 (upper limit is unknown)

Q3. Which layer of the atmosphere is most important for us and why?

Ans. Troposphere is the most important layer because:-

        - all weather phenomena occur in this layer

        - It protects us from excessive heat of the sun and keeps the earth's surface warm at night. 

        - it contains Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, etc. 

Q4. Explain the main features of the atmosphere.

Ans. The main features of the atmosphere are as follows:-

        - It contains all the Gasses essential for existence of life, like- Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbon dioxide.

        - It prevents sun's ultraviolet rays from reaching to the earth.

        - Change in weather is due to presence of atmosphere.

Long answer type questions:-

Q1. Describe the main features of the composition of the atmosphere.

Ans. The main features of the composition of the atmosphere are as follows:-

        - Air is the mixture of Gasses, in which nitrogen is 78% and oxygen is 21%, rest 1% contains all the other gasses, like- Argon, Carbon dioxide, Ozone, Hydrogen, etc.

        - Water vapour , dust particles and smoke is present in the lower layer of the atmosphere.

        - Heavier gasses like:- Oxygen, is mostly found near earth surface, with increase in height their concentration decrease.  

Q2. Explain the importance of nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere.

Ans. The Nitrogen and Oxygen both are essential for the existence of life on the surface of earth. 

    Nitrogen is required by plants for growth, but it can't be absorbed directly from air, it is converted into compounds which can be absorbed by plants through roots.

     Oxygen is required by living organism to breath, so it is most important for the existence of life on the surface of earth. It is formed in nature by plants through photosynthesis. 

Q3. What are the main features of the troposphere?

Ans. The main features of the troposphere are as follows:-

        - It is the bottom most layer of the atmosphere which only contain water vapour and     dust particle.

        - Weather phenomena like-  the formation of clouds, fog, frost, dew, thunder, lightning,  precipitation, etc., occur in this layer.

        - The temperature in this layer decreases with increasing altitude, at the increase of every 165m the temperature decrease by 1°C. It is called normal lapse rate.

        - It contain 90% of the air in the atmosphere.

Q4. What is the significance of the atmosphere of the earth?

Ans. Significance of the atmosphere of the earth are as follows:- 

         - It contains all the Gasses essential for existence of life, like- Oxygen, Nitrogen and   Carbon dioxide.

        - It prevents sun's ultraviolet rays from reaching to the earth.

        - Change in weather is due to presence of atmosphere.

        - It acts like green house and controls the extremes of temperature during day and night.

        - It shields us from meteors.

Class 7 Civics chapter 5 Ratna Sagar

 Short answer type questions:- 

Q1. How does the media protect the democratic interests of the people?

Ans. The Media protects the democratic interest by spreading awareness about the problems and benefits of existing system, which helps them in their decision making about public affairs.

Q2. List four objectives of the media?

Ans. Four objectives of the media are as follows:-

        - Separation of news from opinion.

        - Not to give one-sided account of event.

        - Give only reports which are based on facts.

        - Avoid adding sensation in the news.

Long answer type questions:-

Q1. What is the social responsibility of the media?

Ans. The social responsibility of the media are as follows:-

        - provide accurate and detailed account of event.

        - provide platform for common people to share their views and ideas.

        media provide information based on fact to aware people about the social and political situation of the nation as well as inform about the policies and programmes of the government, it plays a major role in creating public opinion and develop ability to take right decision.

Q2. 'Journalists should be able to operate with impartiality.' What do you understand by this statement?

Ans. 'Journalists should be able to operate with impartiality.' The media see through journalists, so independent journalism is very important for media to function in a impartial manner, Journalists should cover and inform about each and every event without favoring anyone. The media should always feel their responsibility about the people of the nation and not about any political party of business house and give complete freedom to the journalists.

Class 6 History chapter 6 Ratna Sagar

 Short Answer type Questions:-

Q1. What are the sources that tell us about the early kingdoms?

Ans. The vedic texts, such as the Brahmanas and the Upnishads and Buddhist texts, such as the Jataks Tales are the sources which tells us about the early kingdoms.

Q2. Write short note on monarchical mahajanapadas.

Ans. Some mahajanapadas had monarchy, these were ruled by the king and position of king was hereditary, so the king was succeeded by his son. 

Q3. Beside agriculture, what were the other sources of revenue?

Ans. Beside agriculture tax was also collected from craftsmen, such as carpenters, potters and weavers, tax was also taken on buying and selling of goods.

Q4. How did towns emerge? Name some important town of this period.

Ans. Growth in trade and craft developed villages into town. Ujjayini, Vaishali, Ayodhya and champa were some important town of this period.

Long Answer type Questions:- 

Q1. How did the small tribes of earlier period give way to large kingdoms?

Ans. After vedic age the small tribes know as jana have grown by the use of better tools and weapons made of iron, which helped them in expansion of their agricultural land by clearing the forest. The strength of their rulers increased due to increase in tax collection from agriculture and craft. These powerful tribes were called janapadas, which later grew and become more powerful, these large kingdoms were called Mahajanapadas.

Q2. What changes in agriculture helped farmers to produce more?

Ans. There were two important changes in agriculture which helped farmers, those changes are as follows-

    - Use of Iron plough at the place of wooden plough. Iron plough was efficient than wooden plough.

    - The process of transplantation of paddy was developed and used which lead to the growth of agricultural produce.

Q3. Which factors led to an increase in trade during this period?

Ans. Various factors led to an increase in trade during this period, which are as follows:-

        - Introduction of money, which made trade easier.

        - Rulers, like- Bimbisara, the king of magadh had connected different areas of his kingdom through roads. better connectivity between areas boost trade.

Q4. Name the four varnas. What tasks did each perform?

Ans. The four varnas were- Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras.

        - Brahmanas were worshiping god and conducting religious rituals.

        - Kshatriyas were fighting to protect their clan.

        - Vaishyas were involved in trade and agriculture.

        - Shudras were serving the other three groups.

Class 7 Civics Chapter 4 Ratna Sagar

 Short Answer Type Questions:-

Q1. Why is the legislative council called a permanent body?

Ans. Legislative council is called permanent body because after every two years one-third of the member complete their term and new members are elected, two-third members are always in the legislative council, so it is called a permanent body.

Q2. How are representatives to the Vidhan Sabha elected? How have the territorial constituencies for Assembly seats been set up?

Ans. The representatives to the Vidhan Sabha are elected through the process of election. The territorial constituencies for Assembly seats been set up on the basis of proportional representation of the population.

Q3. What do you understand by 'the Governor can hold office during the pleasure of the president'?

Ans. 'The Governor can hold office during the pleasure of the president' which means appointment of governor is done by the president and can be removed by him at any time.

Q4. Name the civil servants who carry out the administrative work in a state.

Ans. The Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and Indian Police Service (IPS) are appointed are appointed at the state level to carry out the administrative work in the state.

Long Answer type Questions:-

Q1. How are members elected to the legislative council?

Ans. One-third of the members complete their term and election of new members is done after every two years. The electoral college for the Council election includes local authorities, teachers, graduates and MLA's. 

        One-Third of the members are elected by 'The Local Authorities' constituency, one-twelfth from the graduate's and teacher's constituency and MLA's elect one-third of the council members. The remaining seats are filled by the nomination of the governor. 

Q2. What are the steps involved in the process of a bill becoming an act?

Ans. The steps involved in the process of a bill becoming an act are as follows:-

        - The draft of law is called bill, it is presented in either of the house.

        - Discussion over the bill takes place in the house and amendments are done.

        - If the bill is passed by both the house then it is sent to The Governor for approval.

        - After being signed by the Governor a Bill turns in an Act.

Q3. What are the discretionary powers of a Governor?

Ans. In some condition Governor is free to take decisions without the advice of the council of ministers, if he/she feels that the government has lost the confidence in the legislative assembly or the government machinery is functioning well, The Governor can recommend President's rule in the state. In such case Governor runs the administration of the state on the advice of President.

Q4. What are the functions of a Chief Minister?

Ans. The functions of a Chief Minister are as follows:-

        - It advice Governor about whom to be appointed as the council of ministers and how many.

        - He presides the cabinet meetings.

        - He distribute portfolios among ministers.

        - Does the appointment of Deputy Chief Minister, if needed

        - If needed, he can retain charge of some portfolios.

Q5. Write short notes on- Council of Ministers, Advocate-General.

Ans. Council of Ministers- The Council of Ministers are appointed on the advice of Chief Minister from among the legislature, which must not exceed 15 percent of the total strength of the Legislative Assembly. Council of Ministers contain three different types of ministers, which are- Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of the state and Deputy Ministers. The cabinet minister holds the charge of the portfolio and assisted by the other ministers. All the important decisions are taking by the Cabinet Ministers.

Advocate- General- The Appointment of Advocate-general is done by the Governor and can be removed any time. The person Qualified to be a High Court judge can only be appointed as Advocate-General. 

    His duty is to give legal advice to the executive and perform other legal functions assigned by the Governor. He can also participate in the proceedings of the state legislature but do not have right to vote. 

Class 6 Civics Chapter 4 Rata Sagar

 Short answer type questions:-

Q1. What style of government does India follows? What does it mean?

Ans. India follows democratic style of government, which means its government is formed by the people.

Q2. What is a party manifesto?

Ans. The programmes and policies of any political party which they will do if won in election is called party manifesto.

Q3. List three reasons why people do not vote.

Ans. Three reasons why people do not vote are as follows:-

        - Some people are too lazy.

        - Some feels that their one vote cannot make any difference.

        - People not able to decide whom to vote.

Q4. What rights do minorities have in a democracy?

Ans. In democracy all the minorities have been given equal rights, such as- 

        - right to reside anywhere in country.

        - right to protect their individuality.

Long answer type questions:-

Q1. How can a voter elect the right candidate or political party?

Ans. A voter can elect the right candidate by getting information about the different candidates contesting election from their constituency and about the political parties they belongs to through news paper, television, radio, etc., which helps in developing better idea about the candidates and their future aims and objectives.

Q2. List five conditions essential for the successful working of a democratic government.

Ans. Five conditions essential for the successful working of democratic government are as follows:-

        - Awareness among the citizen about their rights and duties, functioning of the government, etc.

        - Sound public opinion is formed by the news papers, television, radio, political parties, etc.

        - Tolerance in political and social life.

        - Disciplined political parties who will keep national interest above personal interest.

        - Social and economic equality in the society.

Q3. How do newspaper and periodicals help people in forming their opinion?

Ans. The newspapers and periodicals help people in forming their opinion through following ways-

        - Educate and aware people politically.

        - by publishing the opinion of various individuals and organisations which aware people and also helps in policy formulation of the government.

Q4. List three causes of water disputes.

Ans. Three causes of water disputes are as follows:-

        - The use , distribution or control of water with respect to many inter-state rivers or river valleys.

        - The understanding of agreements relating to the use, distribution or control of such a water sources.

        - The implementation of any such agreement or in the levy of any water rate.

Class 7 History Chapter 6 Ratna Sagar

 Short Answer type Questions:-

Q1. What kind of monuments were build during the medieval period? Give examples to support your answer.

Ans.In early medieval period hindu rulers have built temples in nagara style in north India and in drividian style in south India. ex- Ling raj temple, Brihdeshwar temple, The Shore Temple, etc.

    In Sultanate period and Mughal period many monuments were build, these buildings were following  Indo-Islamic architecture style, ex- Qutub minar, Agra fort, Jama Masjid, etc.

Q2. List the different parts of South Indian temple. Explain any tow of them.

Ans. Different parts of south Indian temples were- Gopuram, garbha griha, mandapa and shikhra.

        Garbhagriha- This was the part of temple were image of god and godesses were kept.

        Mandapa- Mandapa was situated in front of the main shrine, where people were gathering for prayer.

Q3. Which monument is considered to be a masterpiece of indo-islamic architecture? Describe that monument.

Ans. Taj Mahal is the building which is considered as the masterpiece of indo-islamic architecture.

        Taj Mahal was build by Shah Jahan in the memory of her wife Mumtaj Mahal. It is build by over 20,000 labourers in about 22 years. It was build with white marble. 

Q4. Why are Mughal monuments grander and more magnificent than those built in the earlier period?

Ans. Mughal monuments were grander and more magnificent than  those built earlier because

- Mughals have ruled for long period which had given political and financial stability to the kingdom, 

- Due to vast extent of kingdom large collection of revenue was done and this wealth was used in construction of monuments by mughals.

Q5. Write two distinguishing features of Mughal architecture.

Ans. Two distinguishing features of Mughal architecture are- 

            - buildings were surrounded with geometrical gardens with running water, called chahar bagh.

            - Red sand stone and white marble were used for construction.

Q6. What is pietra-dura? Who introduced it? Name one monument in which pietra-dura has been used.

Ans. Pietra-Dura was the art of decorating walls with precious and semi precious stones. In Taj Mahal pitera-dura has been used for decoration.

Q7. Who built the Bara Imambara? Why was it built?

Ans. The Nawab of Lakhnow Asaf-ud-Daula built bara imambara in 1784 to provide work for the famine stricken people of the region.

Long Answer type question:-

Q1. Why did kings in medieval India build monuments?

Ans. The kings of medieval India build monuments to- 

        - show off their wealth, power and position.

        - celebrate their victory in war

        - show their devotion towards god.

    king of medieval period build many monuments, like- temple, mosque, fort, tomb etc.

Q2. Describe the main features of a Chola temple.

Ans. Chola temples were built in dravidian style, its main features are as follows:-

        - The temples were called gopuram. 

        - The image of god and goddesses were kept in garbhgriha.

        - In front of garbhgriha the mandapa was there to gather and worship. 

        - On the top of main shrine a tall structure was there called shikhara.

Q3. What do you understand by Indo-Islamic style of architecture? What were its main features?

Ans. Indo-Islamic style of architecture was the combination of India and Islamic style of architecture, its main features were as follows:-

    - Arch and dome were the part of indo-islamic style of architecture, due to which there was no need to construct pillars to support the roof.

    - Buildings were decorated with floral and geometric designs and verses from the holy Quran were also engraved on walls.

Q4. How did the regional kingdoms contribute to architecture?

Ans. The regional kingdoms of south India and north India had a great contribution in the architecture of medieval period-

    - The examples of North India architecture are- Khajuraho complex built by chandelas, temples of this complex were built in nagara style, like- The Parsvanath temple, the Vishwanath Temple and the Kandariya Mahadev temple.

     Temples of Odisha are also a great example of temples built by regional kingdom, like- Muketeshwar temple, Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar, The sun temple at Puri, etc.

    - The rulers of south Indian kingdoms have built many temples, such as-

        The Pallava kings built the ratha temple and the shore temple at Mahabalipuram and Kailashnath temple at kanchi. Pandayas built many temples in Madurai.

        The cholas built the Brihdeshvara temple at Tanjore. 

Q5. How were the monuments constructed by Shah Jahan different from those of Akbar and Jahangir?

Ans. There was a great difference between the monuments constructed by Shah Jahan from those of Akbar and Jahangir, which are as follows:-

    - The buildings were more uniform and Symmetric than buildings of earlier rulers.

    - During Akbar and Jahangir red sandstone was used in construction, during Shah Jahan white marble were preferred.

    - Wall began to be decorated by precious and semi- precious stones, it was called pietra-dura.

Class 6 History Chapter 5 Ratna Sagar

Short Answer type Questions:-

Q1. What are the Vedas? What do they contain?

Ans. The Vedas are ancient text related to vedic society. They contains hymns in praise of various god and godesses.

Q2. What is the difference between sabha and samiti?

Ans. The Sabha was the assembly of the elders and important people and samity was the assembly of common people of Jana.

Q3. Describe the pottery and stone tools found at Inamgaon.

Ans. The pottery found from Inamgaon was mostly of red color, Some had black design on them.

Q4. What do objects found in the megalithic graves indicate?

Ans. Objects found from the megalithic graves indicate the lifestyle of people, grains produced and tools used for various purpose. Quantity of pots and ornaments found from graves were also indicating their position in tribe.

Long Answer type Questions:-

Q1. What are the archaeological sources for the Vedic Age?

Ans. The archaeological evidences which had been found in excavation of the sites of Vedic period are mostly consist of clay pots of different shapes, sizes and build. 

        In Excavation at Hastinapur and Atranjikhera Painted Grey Ware are found and from the Ganga valley region Black-and-red were have been found. These evidences gave information about the life of the people.

Q2. What were the different occupation of the people?

Ans. During the vedic period people were involved in different type of occupation. The main occupation of this period was Agriculture and Cattle-rearing. Other occupations were Chariot-making, pottery-making, weaving, jewelry-making, metal-work, carpentry, tanning and fishing. The priests who were involved in religious rituals were also playing the role of teacher and doctor

Q3. Write short notes on- the Rig Veda, Megaliths.

Ans. The Rig Veda- The Rig Veda is the oldest veda, it is divided into 10 mandalas and contain about 1028 hymns.  These hymns are in praise of different gods. This was composed about 3500 years ago.

        Megaliths- Megalith refers to a large piece of stone. At many places in Deccan, south India, the north-east and north-west. These large stones were used to mark graves by putting over the graves. 

class 6 Civics Chapter 3 Ratna Sagar

Short answer type questions:-

Q1. What is a form of government? On what basis a democratic or an authoritarian government classified?

Ans. Government is a kind of system to govern the country, it is classified on the basis of objectives, policies, the way power is exercised, the nature of the constitution into a democratic or an suthoritarian government. 

Q2. Write two differences between the parliamentary form and Presidential System of government.

Ans. Two difference between Parliamentary and Presidential system are as follows:-

        - In parliamentary system Executive and legislature are dependent and in Presidential system the executive and legislature are independent.

        - In parliamentary form head of the state and head of the government are different, in Presidential system the real power lies in the hand of Elected president and he is not the member of parliament.

Q3. What is a constitution? List the different types of constitution.

Ans. A constitution is the set of rules and laws through which a country is governed, It is of two types:- Rigid and Flexible.

Q4. Why are written constitution rigid?

Ans. Written form of constitution is rigid in nature because complex procedure is required with majority in central and state.

Long Answer Type Questions:- 

Q1. What is government? What are the functions of the government?

Ans. An Individual or group of people, who administer the country is called the government. Functions of the government are as follows:-

- build the infrastructure of the country.

- look after the welfare of the people.

-maintain law and order in the country.

Q2. What are the characteristics of an authoritarian government?

Ans. The characteristics of an authoritarian government are as follows:-

    - All the powers of decision making is in the hand of small group of people, a particular social class or a strong political party.

    - no rights are given to the citizens.

Q3. What are the features of a federal form of government? Give two examples.

Ans. The features of a federal government are as follows:-

    - The power is distributed between different levels of government.

    - All the levels of different span of authority, in India power is distributed between central and state.

Q4. Which categories are denied the right to vote in most countries?

Ans. The categories which are denied the right to vote in most of the countries are as follows:-

        - Citizens below the age of 18.

        - Non-citizen residents

        - Convicted criminals

        - The mentally ill person

Class 7 History Chapter 5 Ratna Sagar

Short Answer Type Questions:-

Q1. What has Babur described in Tuzuk-i Baburi?

Ans. In Tuzuk-i Baburi Babur has written about his life in details which includes the physical features, climate, animals, birds, flowers, fruits and the life of people and the places he visited.

Q2. List two problems that Humayun faced when he ascended the throne.

Ans. Two problems which Humanyun faced after ascending the throne are as follows:-

    - absence of a proper system of administration

    - Threat of attack from other kingdoms

Q3. How did Sher Shah encourage trade?

Ans. Sher Shar introduced new silver coin 'rupia', reduced custom duties and also build network of roads to encourage trade.

Q4. Write two steps taken by Akbar to gain the loyalty of Rajputs.

Ans. Two steps of Akbar to gain the loyalty of Rajputs are as follows-

    - He did not interfere in the internal matters of them.

    - He married with Rajput princess Jodha Bai and given religious freedom to her.

Q5. 'Jahangir continued with Akbar's policy of tolerance.' Justify the statement.

Ans. Jahangir continued with Akbar's policy of tolerance because-

    - He married into Rajput families

    - He had appointed Rajput chiefs to higher official posts

    - He did not interfere in the internal matters of Rajputs

Long Answer Type Questions:-

Q1. How did Babur secure his position in India?

Ans. Babur secured his position in India through three battles which are as follows-

    - In 1526 first battle of panipat was fought in which Babut defeated Ibrahim Lodi and gain control over Delhi and Agra.

    - In 1527 he fought battle of Khanua and defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar.

    - He also suppressed the Afgan chiefs in the battle of Ghaghara in 1529

Q2. Discuss the military campaigns of Shah Jahan.

Ans. The military campaigns of Shah Jahan are as follows:-

    - He suppressed the revolt of Bundela Rajputs

    - He invaded Deccan and annexed Ahmadnagar in 1633 AD

    - He also signed peace treaty with Bijapur and Golconda, according to which they had to pay annual tribute to Mughal King.

    - He sent his army to central Asia but fail to establish control over Kandhar.

Q3. Discuss the central and provincial administration of the Mughals.

Ans. In central administration of Mughals the King had absolute power, he was assisted by many officials which are as follows-

    - The Wazir- The Prime Minister

    - The Diwan- The head of revenue department

    - The Mir Bakshi- Looked after military

    - Tha Khan-i-saman- attending needs of royal households

    - The Sadr-i-sadur- keeping records of grants and donations

    - The Qqazi- The chief judge

Provincial administration was divided into several levels-

-  Provinces were called Suba and headed by Subadar.

- Provinces were divided into Sarkar

- Sarkar were divided into Paragana

- Each Paragana had many villages in it.

Q4. Why did Raja Todar Mal introduced a new measuring device for land measurement? What was that measuring device?

Ans. Raja Todar Mal introduced a new tool of measurement for accurate measurement of land, because earlier land was measured with rope, when the rope was dry it shrunk and in wet condition it was stretched, so it was not accurate. The new device was made of bamboo reeds joined together by iron rings, with it land was measured accurately

Q5. Write short notes on - Din-i-Ilahi, Zat and Sawar.

Ans. Din-i Ilahi- It was a religious path shown by Akbar, it was based on Divine Monotheism or believe in one god, the practice of worship the sun, fire and other source of light was important in it, with it Akbar discouraged customs like- Animals sacrifice and Sati practice.

Zat and Sawar- The Mughals introduced mansabdari system in their army. A mansabdar's rank was divided into two- Zat and Sawar. 

    Zat was the number of soldiers under him and Sawar was the number of horses they were expected to maintain.

Class 7 History Chapter 4 Ratna Sagar

Short Answer type Questions:-

Q1. Why did the later half of the reign of the Delhi Sultans witness the rise of regional kingdoms?

Ans. In the later half of the Delhi Sultanat the rulers were weak and fail to keep control over the kingdom and it broke into small regional kingdoms.

Q2. Who was the greatest ruler of Mewar? What did he do to make Mewar Strong?

Ans. Rana Sanga was the greatest ruler of Mewar who expended his kingdom to make it strong.

Q3. Who was Malik Sawar? How did he take advantage of Timur's invasion?

Ans. Malik Sawar was the ruler of Jaunpur. He took the advantage of Timur's invasion to declare himself independent and established Sharqi Dynasty.

Q4. Who were Harihara and Bukka?

Ans. Harihara and Bukka were the brothers who established and ruled over Vijaynagar empire.

Q5. Into how many sultanates was the Bahmani Kingdom split up? Why?

Ans. Bahmani dynasty rulers were weak and due to that governors of provinces declare their independence and kingdom split up into five parts.

Long Answer type Questions:-

Q1. Who was called the 'Akbar of Kashmir'? Why was he called so?

Ans. Zain-ul-Abidin was called the 'Akbar of Kashmir' because he had given patronage to education and learning, art and craft. He also encouraged agriculture and followed policy of religious tolerance.

Q2. How did Krishnadeva Raya make his kingdom powerful and prosperous?

Ans. Raja Krishnadeva Raya made his kingdom powerful and prosperous by extending it and also encouraged trade. 

    He had defeated The Bahmani sultan and the king of Odisha. He also annexed fertile Richure Doab and extended his kingdom to the whole South India.

    He established trade links with many European countries and paid attention to the growth of agriculture by building tanks, dams and canals for irrigation.

Q3. How did Firoz Shah Bahmani and Mahmud Gawan make Deccan an important center of learning? 

Ans. Firoz Shah Bahmani and Mahmud Gawan both were great patron to education and learning, their contribution in developing Deccan an important center of learning are as follows-

    Firoz Shah Bahmani encouraged learned men to migrate from different parts of the world to his court and contribute in the cultural development of Deccan.

    Mahmud Gawan contributed in the development of Urdu, many scholars from Persia came to his court. He had built a madrasah in Bidar were student from different parts of India and World were coming to study, it also had a great library with over three thousand manuscripts.

Q4. Write short notes on- Rajput Kingdoms of the period, administrative divisions of the Vijayanagar Empire.

Ans. Rajput Kingdoms:- In this period many Rajput rulers were ruling over Rajasthan region. Mewar and Marwar were the two important Rajput Kingdoms.
    The Rathors were ruling over Marwar. Maharaja Jodha and Maharaja Maldeva were the most powerful ruler of this kingdom.

    The Sisodia Rajputs ruled over Mewar. Rana Hamir and Rana Kumbha developed this Kingdom. Rana Sanga was the great ruler of this Kingdom.

Administrative division of the Vijaynagar Empire- The Vijaynagar Empire was divided in Mandalams (Provinces), each mandalams into nadus (Districts), nadus into sthalas (Sub-Districts) and sthalas into gramas(Villages).

Class 7 Civics Chapter 3 Ratna Sagar

Short Answer type:-

Q1. How is Gram Sabha an example of direct democracy? How do people living in cities and towns exercise their political power?

Ans. Gram Sabha is an example of direct democracy because all the adult people of village are part of gram sabha and they directly participate in the decision making of Gram Panchayat.

Q2. Write two conditions when the citizens are unable to enjoy voting rights .

Ans. Two conditions in which citizens are unable to enjoy voting rights are-

        - in condition of unsound mind.

        - if the person is convicted in certain criminal offences.

                

Q3. Write a note on the election campaign.

Ans. Election campaign is done by the political parties to convince people to give vote to them through door to door campaign, public meetings, wall posters, roadside hoardings, banners etc.

 

Q4. Why is a political party called a 'voluntary association'?

Ans. A political party called a 'Voluntary Association' because becoming a member of any political party is on the wish of any individual, parties cannot force anyone to join.

Q5. Distinguish between reserved and free symbols.

Ans. Reserved symbols can be used only by the political party to whom it is allocated, where as the free symbols is assigned to political parties or individuals only active during legislative and local elections. 

Long Answer type Questions:-

Q1. Why is a secret ballot an essential feature of democratic elections?

Ans. A Secret ballot an essential feature of democratic election because nobody can know in whose favor vote is given by anyone. People can vote freely to their candidate due to secret ballot.

Q2. Write a note on the officers on election duty.

Ans. Election Commission is led by different officials at different level which are as follows-

        - At Central level - Chief Election Commissioner

        - At State level- Election Commissioner

        - At Constituency level Returning officer

        - At booth level Presiding officer

Q3. Write three functions of a political party.

Ans. Three functions of political parties are as follows- 

            - Selecting Candidates to contest election and conduct campaign for them.

            - form the government after winning the election.

            - develop public opinion and Aware government about it.

Q4. Why are opposition  parties important  for the smooth running of a democracy.

Ans. Opposition parties are important for the smooth running of a democracy because

    - they keep check on the functioning of the government

    - they criticize the policies of the government and highlights problems in their policies and programmes

    -  they politically aware people about the shortcoming of the ruling party and their policies to develop public opinion.

Q5. Under what conditions does a political party get recognized as a national party?

Ans. Condition required by a political party to be recognized as a national party are as follows:-

    - The party should be active in four or more states in last general election of Lok Sabha or the assembly and secure at least six percent of the total valid votes in each state.

    - The party should win at least two percent of the total seats of Lok Sabha from not less than three states.

    - The party should be recognized as state party in at least four states.