Class 6 History Chapter 4 Ratna Sagar

Short Answer Type Questions:-

Q1. What is the Indus Valley Civilization also knows as? Why?

Ans. Indus Valley Civilization was first know as Harrapan Civilization as the first town which was excavated was known as Harappa.

Q2. How do we know that most Indus cities were 'very well planned'?

Ans. We know about various cities of Indus Valley Civilization from the remains for various cities, which shows that buildings, roads, drainage system etc. were build with proper planning.

Q3. How was Dholavira different from most Indus Cities?

Ans. Dholavira was different from most Indus Cities because it was divided into three parts- Citadel, Middle town, lower town, each part was enclosed by a stone wall. 

Q4. What may have happened for the civilization to decline?

Ans. Historians have different view about the decline of civilization, such as- 

    - Change in the course of river Indus brought drought.

    - Earthquakes 

    - Floods

    - Epidemics

Long Answer type Questions:-

Q1. Describe the extent of the Indus Valley Civilization?

Ans. Indus Valley Civilization was extended in different parts of Pakistan and in states of India.

    In India Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat are some states were remains of this civilization have been found.

Q2. Into how many parts were most Indus cities divided? Describe any one part.

Ans. Most of the Indus cities were divided into two parts- Upper Town or Citadel and Lower Town.

            Upper Town was made on high raised platform to protect is from flood of the river, administrative buildings, Granaries and religious structures. The Ruler and ruling class which includes rich merchants and priests were living in this part of the city.

Q3. Write a short note on the Great Bath.

Ans. The Great Bath is found in the upper town of Mohenjo-daro, it is rectangular in shape like a swimming pool. It is made of baked bricks and Bitumen or tar was used to make it watertight. 

Two steps to enter in it were on the each side, changing room were also on the sides. Water was drawn from a well and drained after use.

        The Great Bath was probably used for bathing on spacial occasions. 

Q4. What do you know about the drainage system of the Indus Valley Civilization?

Ans. Important features of Drainage system of Indus valley civilization are:-

            - Every house had Bathroom, which was connected with the drain.

            - Drain were build along the both side of the road.

            - These drain were covered with bricks.

            - Drainage system was cleaned on regular basis time to time.

Q5. What occupations and crafts did the Harappans practice?

Ans. Harappans were practicing many occupations and crafts, such as:-

        - Agriculture   - Cattle rearing

        - weavers           - Potters

        - Jewellers         - Metal- workers

        - Toy-makers     - Stone-cutters

        - Seal-makers    - Boat-makers

        - Masons           - Traders

Class 7 History chapter 3 Ratna Sagar

Short answer type questions:-

Q1. Who was Raziya Sultan? Why did the nobles oppose Raziya?

Ans. Raziya Sultan was the daughter of Iltutmish, who become successor of him. Raziya was opposed by the nobles because they were not agree to take orders from a woman.

Q2. Name the two persian customs introduced by Balban. Why were people against these customs?

Ans. Balban introduced the persian customs of sijdah and paibos, people refuse to follow these customs as they felt these customs are reserved for only God.

Q3. What were 'dagh' and 'chehra'? Who introduced them?

Ans.  Dagh was used for branding of good horses to avoid their substitution and  Chehra was the recording of full description of each solder. These two were the part of army reforms done by Ala-ud-din Khalji.

Q4. Write one reason that prompted Muhammad-bin Tughluq to shift the capital to Daulatabad.

Ans. Muhammad-bin-Tughluq decided to shift the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad to avoid the threat of attack of the Mongols.

Q5. Give two reasons to show that the court of the Delhi Sultans was a 'Ceremonial'court.

Ans. The two reasons which shows that the court of the Delhi Sultans was a 'Ceremonial' court are as follows-

- The Customs like 'Sijdah' and 'Paibos' were perform before King.

- The throne of Sultan was on a high raised platform, all the ministers, officials, foreign Ambassadors had been given fixed place in the court. All the proceedings and orders of sultan were recorded by Scribes.

Long Answer type Questions:-

Q1. Explain the importance of literary sources for the sultanate period. Which other sources tell us about this period?

Ans. There are various kind of literary sources available for the sultanate period, which are divided into two groups- Archaeological sources and literary sources. Literary sources are most important in compare to Archaeological sources as it provides detailed information about the different events of the sultanate period.

    Literary sources of sultanate period mostly consist of court chronicles of Zia-ud-din Barani, Shams-i Siraj Afif and Minhaj- us Siraj and travel account of Ibn Batuta, Marco Polo etc.

    Archeological sources like- Coins, inscriptions and monuments are the other sources which also tells us about this period.

Q2. Who succeeded Qutab-ud-din Aibak? Why is that person called the real founder of the Sultanate period?

Ans. Qutab-ud-din Aibak was succeeded by Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, he was called the real founder of sultanate because-

    - he suppressed all the rebellious groups.

    - he also protected north west frontiers from Mongol invasions. 

    - he also expanded empire to different new areas like- Bengal.

Q3. Why did Ala-ud-din Khalji introduce the market control policy? How did he enforced it?

Ans. Ala-ud-din Khalji introduced the market control policy to keep control over the prices of essential commodities like- food grains, Sugar, cooking oil, cloths, etc. and to stop cheating of the traders.

    He enforced it by several methods, like-

    - He fixed the prices of essential commodities.

    - He appointed officials to keep check on the shop owners.

    - Shop owners were punished severely for charging extra or cheating with weights.

Q4. 'Muhammad-bin Tughlaq's schemes were well-conceived but poorly executed'. Discuss this statement with reference to his token currency experiment.

Ans. Muhammad-bin Tughlaq introduced token currency to deal with the shortage of silver, These coins were made up of brass and copper.

    Decision of introduction of token currency was failed in absence of proper planning as craftsmen  started making duplicate coins because of its simple design and later Muhammad-bin Tughlaq have to exchange these duplicate coins with silver coins, due to which his treasury became empty.

    It shows that the schemes of Muhammad-bin Tughlaq schemes were well-conceived but poorly executed.

Class 6 History Chapter 3 Ratna Sagar

Short Answer Type Questions:-

Q1. Why did early humans make pottery? How did they learn to make pottery?

Ans. Early humans make pottery to store the grains, they learn to make pots with the help of clay and  baked it into fire. later they have also used it for other purpose, like- Cooking, storing water, etc.

Q2. How do we get to know about the existence of early farmers?

Ans. By the remains of grains and tools found from different Neolithic and Mesolithic sites we came to know about the existence of early farmers.

Q3. Write a short note on Daojali Hading.

Ans. Daojali Hading is a neolithic site excavated in Assam, from here Polished stone tools, ceramics and kitchen items such as corn grinders, pestles and mortars have been found. Remains of clay pots gives information about the practice of agriculture and storage of grains.

 

Long Answer Type Questions:- 

Q1. How did agriculture change the life of early humans?

Ans. Agriculture brought many changes in the life of early humans, which are as follows:-

        - Humans started living a settled life.

        - Humans become producers of food.

        - They learned to make houses.

Q2. How was the invention of wheel an important step towards progress of early humans?

Ans. Invention of wheel did many changes in the lifestyle of early humans:-

        - people were able to go longer distances easily and in short period of time.

        - people become able to carry heavy objects more easily.

        - It was also used for making clay pots of better quality and strength.

Q3. Describe the pit-houses found at Burzahome. 

Ans. The Pit-houses found at Burzahome were made by the stone tools into circular shape and their sides were plastered with mud. These pits were narrow at the top and wide at the base, in some pits steps have been found.

    Inside these pits ash charcoal and pieces of pottery have been found. Some pits also had ovens to cook food.

Q4. Write short notes on Daily life of early humans, Mehrgarh period I.

Ans. Mehrgarh is a chalcolithic site, evidences of this period have been found from here, which gives many kind of information about their lifestyle:-

- oldest evidences of agriculture have been found from here, like- Charred grains.

- remains of earliest human settlements of around 7000 BCE have been found from here, like- mud houses of rectangular shape.

- bones of animals have been found which shows that they tamed animals, like- Cattle, sheep and goats.

- many graves have been found here, Stone tools, ornaments, precious stones and figures of women and animals.

Class 6 Civics Chapter 2 Ratna Sagar

Short Answer Type Questions:-

Q1. Why do some people make fun of those who are different?

Ans. People make fun of differently able persons because they feel they are superior then them.

Q2. What can prejudice be guided by?

Ans. Prejudice can be guided by the physical and social differences among the people among the people. Such as:-  Skin colour, style of speaking, cloths, etc.

Q3. Who is 'Special Child'?

Ans. Child with disability is called special child because their capacities and needs are different.

Q4. Which part of our Constitution deals with Fundamental Rights?

Ans. Part III of our Constitution deals with Fundamental Rights.

Long answer type questions:-

Q1. What is prejudice?

Ans. When an opinion develops in absence of information, it is called prejudice. People in society can develop prejudice about different religion, caste, gender or individuals.

Q2. What is discrimination?

Ans. When people act according to their prejudice, it is called discrimination, like- restricting untouchables to take water from community well.

Q3. Define the term stereotype.

Ans. Stereotype is the division of society into two halves, like- Male-Female, Rich-Poor, etc.

There is stereotype in society on the basis of gender, like- Boys are stronger than girls, Girls are emotional and boys are strong, Girls cry but boys don’t, Cooking is for girls not for boys, etc.

Q4. Name the categories of people for whom special steps can be taken by the government.

Ans. Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Minorities are the categories which require Special steps by the government to uplift their social and economical status, improve their contribution in the society and to include them in the main society.

Class 7 Civics Chapter 2 Ratna Sagar

Short Answer type Questions:-

Q1. How is political awareness an important condition for democracy?

Ans. Political awareness is an important condition for democracy which helps in selection of best representative during election on the basis of their work.

Q2. How is public opinion essential for a democracy to work?

Ans. Public opinion is essential for government as it guides the policies of the government and if government does not work accordingly, people may remove them in next election.

Q3. What is prerequisite for political party in democracy?

Ans. It is the prerequisite of political parties that they will work for national interest and not for any particular community or religion.

Long Answer type Questions:-

Q1. Discuss how intolerance can destroy the democratic system of country?

Ans. Democratic system is based on equality. To maintain equality people must have tolerance. If intolerance increases in society it will disturb the social and political structure of the democracy, which is not good for a democratic country.

Q2. What do you understand by ‘Political discipline of Citizens’?

Ans. Political discipline of citizen means-

-          People must know their rights and duties. They must fight for their rights and perform their duties.

-          People should use non violent methods to persuade government to change their policies.

-          People should respect the views of every person and show a tolerant behaviour about everyone.

Q3. Equality and human dignity are the core values of a democracy. Discuss.

Ans. Equality and human dignity are the core values of a democracy because:-

-          In absence of Equality there may not be existence of democracy because in democracy all the citizens are considered equal and can’t be discriminated on any basis.

-          Equality preserves the human dignity, so if there will be discrimination than human dignity will not be maintained.

Class 6 History Chapter 2 Ratna Sagar

Short Answer Type Questions:-

Q1. Why are early humans always on the move?

Ans. Early humans were always on the move for hunting and gathering food.

Q2. What are sites? Write the name of two Neolithic and two Mesolithic sites?

Ans. Sites are the places from where remains of prehistoric periods have been found.

                Bagor, Rajasthan and Adamgarh, Madhya Pradesh are two Mesolithic Sites.

                Chirand, Bihar and Burzahom, Jammu & Kasmir are two Neolithic sites.

Q3. Why did early humans used flint to make stone tools?

Ans. Early Humans were using flint stone because it could be easily molded into any shape and chips easily.

Q4. Why did early humans paint on cave walls?

Ans. Early humans paint on the cave walls to show the events of their  life and to express their feelings at different occasions.

Long answer type questions

Q1. Name the periods into which the Stone Age is divided. How were the tools of each of these periods different from one another?

Ans.- The Stone Age is divided into three periods which can be differentiated on the basis of stone tools of that period, which are as follows-

    Paleolithic Period- In this period humans used crude stones as tools.

    Mesolithic Period- In this period stone tools were smaller, sharper and more efficient. These  tools were called microliths. Animal bones and horns were also used to make tools.

    Neolithic Period-  Stone tools of this period were much sharper and efficient and polished to sparkle.

Q2. Write any one technique of tool making?

Ans. Two main techniques of stone tool making were- Stone on stone and Pressure Flaking

                In stone on stone technique early humans held one stone in each hand and stone of one hand was used to strike over the stone of another hand to give it a desired shape.

Q3. How was fire useful to early humans?

Ans. Fire was used by early humans to protect themselves from wild animals as they were burning fire in front of their cave to keep wild animals away. They have also learned to cook food.

Q4. Write a short note on Painting discovered at Bhimbetka.

Ans. Paintings have been found in Bhimbetka from about 500 rock shelters. In these paintings life of early humans has been shown, such as- Hunting, Playing children, religious rituals, etc.

                These paintings are made by using red, green, white and ocher color. These colors had been made by grinding rocks and minerals and their powder was mixed with water and some sticky substance, such as resin of trees.

Class 7 History Chapter 2 Ratna Sagar

Short Answer type questions:-

Q1. How did the Rajputs explain their origin?

Ans. Rajputs explain their origin as the Kshatriya or warrior class of Vedic Period.

Q2. How did Muhammad Ghori benefit from Mahmud of Ghazni’s Death?

Ans. Ghor was attacked and merged with Ghazni by Mahmud of Ghazni, after Mahmud death Muhammad Ghori declared himself free and expanded his kingdom.

Q3. Which ruling dynasties engaged in a tripartite struggle to control Kanauj? Give Reasons.

Ans.  Gurjar Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas and Palas were fighting for control over Kanauj as it was the most important city of north India, due to its location it was easy to control the resources of the entire Ganga valley.

Q4. How do you know that Rashtrakutas were patrons of art, architecture and literature?

Ans. Rashtrakuta kings had given patronage to art, architecture and literature which can be seen in the famous rock cut Kailasa temple at Ellora and rock cut cave temples. They have also given support to Kannad language .

Q5. What do you know about Chola Sculpture?

Ans. Great sculptures had been created by using stone or bronze. The bronze image of Lord Shiva as Natraja is best example of art in Chola period.

Long Answer type Questions:-

Q1. How was the clash between Prithviraj chauhan and Muhammad ghori in 1192 different from the clash in 1191?

Ans. The Clash between Prithviraj Chauhan and Muhammad Ghori in 1192 different from the clash in 1191 because in 1^st battle he had received the support from other rajput rulers, But in 1192 he had fought alone.

Q2. Describe the military achievements of Rajaraja Chola and Rajendra Chola.

Ans. Military achievements of Rajaraja Chola are –

-          Defeated the Pandyas and the Cheras.

-          Maintained a strong army and captured Ceylon (Srilanka) and the Maldive islands.

Military achievements of Rajendra Chola are-

-          With his strong army he had defeated chalukyas.

-          He defeated Palas and gain control over Bengal and took title of Gangaikondachola.

-          To gain access of trade with China through the strait of Molucca he had defeated the Kingdom of Sri Vijaya.

Q3. What do you know about Chola Administration.

Ans. Chola administration was divided into different levels, kingdom was divided into Mandalams, Mandalams were administered by Governors.

                Mandalams were divided into Valandus and Valandus were the group of villages. Villages were called Nadus or Kurram. Villages had freedom to take care of their own affairs, which was done by two assemblies Ur and Sabha.

Q4. What are the two developments in the Chola period that led to an increase in the area under cultivation?

Ana.- The two major developments in the Chola period that led to an increase in the area under cultivation are as follows:-

- A large area of dry, barren and forest land was made fit for cultivation.

- Irrigation facilities were extended to new areas.

Q5. Write a short note on the regional kingdoms of the Deccan.

Ans. There were many regional kingdoms in deccan region,

-          Rashtrakutas were the most powerful kingdom of Deccan, they were ruling over Maharastra. They were patron to art, architecture and Language.

-          Yadavas kingdom flourished in Devagiri due to trade. This kingdom was situated between Narmada and Godavari river.

-          Vikramanka was the greatest ruler of Chalukyas of kalyani, He and his successors built many temples at Aihol, Badami and Pattadakal.

-          The Kakatiyas were ruling between Godavari and Krishna river in 12^th and 13^th century, they have given patronage to Sanskrit and Telugu language.

Many of these Kingdoms had been annexed by Ala ud din Khalji in 14^th Century.