Class7 his Ch10

Q1. Ans.- Reason for the decline of Mughals are as follows-

                - Policy of Aurangzeb about Rajput, Jat, Sikhs and Marathas.

                - Aurangzeb was continuously  in battle with Rajput, Sikh and Marathas on different fronts, Which had weaken empire economically.

                - Many areas declare free from Mughals control as troops were busy in fighting.

                - Revenues Collection decline as many areas declare them self free from the control of Mughals.

                - Weak successors, who were unable to control and keep the empire unit.

Q2. Ans.- Kingdom of Hyderabad was established by Qilich Khan in 1724 CE and ruled in semi-independent form under mughal empire. He had been given titles of Nizam-ul-mulk and Asaf Jha. His successors were called Nizam of Asaf Jahi.

                Qilich Khan maintained relation with adjoining kingdoms like- Mughals and Marathas. Asaf jahi Dynasty ruled till 1948. In 1948 Hyderabad was merged with India.

Q3. Ans.- Bengal was established as Independent state by Murshid Kuli Khan. He was appointed as diwan later made the governor of Bengal. He changed the capital from Dhaka to Murshidabad. Kuli Khan died and succeeded by his son-in-law Shujauddaulah.

                In 1740 CE Alivardi Khan attacked over Bengal after defeating Sarfaraz Khan, The son of Sujauddaulah.

                Alivardi Khan was succeeded by Sirajuddaulah. In 1757 CE Battle of Plassy was fought between British and Sirajuddaulah and Sirajuddaulah was defeated and Bengal went under indirect control of British.

Q4. Ans.- Sikh were annoyed with the act and policies of Mughal rulers such as fifth Sikh Guru Arjun Dev  was killed by Jahangir for helping Shah Jahan in rebel against him.

                When 9th Guru Guru Teg Bahadur Singh was executed by Aurangzeb then Tenth Guru Gobind Singh formed the army Khalsa to fight against Mughals.

Q5. Ans.- Shivaji was a great ruler who was assisted by the group of eight ministers called Ashtapradhans. All the ministers were lead by Peswa or the prime minister. Senapati  was The Commander of army.

                Shivaji was collecting two-fifth of the land's produce from the areas of his direct control and the areas who were under mughals or other rulers were also paying tax to them which was called chauth and sardeshmukhi.

Q6. Ans.- After Sahuji the power of maratha kingdom came in the hand of Peswa Balaji Viswanath. His successor Baji Rao I extended the kingdom over Gujrat, Bengal, Malwa and Bundelkhand. He had attacked over Mughals and defeated Nizam of Hyderabad, as Nizam of Hyderabad was protecting Mughals. Mughals after this defeat gave right to collect tax to Marathas from Mughal Territory. Nizam of Hyderabad was forced to sign treaty with Marathas.

                Balaji Baji Rao become the next Peswa in 1740 CE. he made his capital at Pune. He had captured Delhi and Punjab, during his rule Marathas power was at peak.

Class6 His Ch12

Q1. Name the works of Kalidasa.

Ans.- Abhignanshakuntalam, Meghaduta and Ritusambharam are some writings of Kalidasa.

Q2. Write a note on the Jataka Tales.

Ans.- Jatak Tales is a large collection stories related to previous birth of Buddha for moral teaching by the use of animals as characters of stories.

Q3. Distinguish Between structural temples and monolithic temples. Give one example of each.

Ans.- Structural temples were the temples built by the use of carved blocks of stone. Example- The Shore Temple.

          Monolithic temples are those carved out of one single piece of rock. Example- The Rath Temple.

Q4. Give an example to illustrate to the greatness of architecture during the Pallavas period.

Ans.- The Kailashnath temple , The Shore temple and The Seven Rath Temple are the great examples of The Pallavas period.

Q5. Mention one similarity and one difference between the Gandhara and Mathura school of art.

Ans.- The Gandhara and Mathura school of art, both had carved statues of Buddha but in Gandhara School of art they had used grey sandstone were as in Mathura school of art red sandstone was used.

Q6. Give an example to illustrate the mastery of ancient Indian in Metallurgy.

Ans.- In ancient India people were know about the art of extraction of metals, they had developed rust proof iron which was used to build the iron pillar of Delhi, it is standing from 1600 years without rusting.

Answer in Details:-

Q1. Write an essay on ancient Sanskrit literature.

Ans.- The ancient literatures of vedic period are written in sanskrit language, such as- vedas, epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata. These written records provide detailed description of that period related to religious, social and political condition.

Q2. Give an account of the expertise of ancient Indians in architecture.

Ans.-There are many examples available in India which shows expertise of ancient Indian architecture, some of them are as follows-

Ashokan pillars-  Ashokan pillars are found at many places in India which are great example of ancient architecture, they are build by red sandstone and highly polished. These pillars are decorated with capital carved in the shape of animals, like- Bull, Lion and Horse.

Cave temple:- These temples are found at many places in India, such as- Ajanta and Ellora in Aurangabad Maharashtra, Barabar caves in Gaya Bihar, etc.

Temples:- Many temples were build by different rulers in north and south India, North Indian Gupta period temples were built by the use of bricks. In south India also Pallavas and Chalukyas have build many great temples with the stones. such as- The Seven Rath Temple, Kanchi Temple, Kailashnath temple, etc.

Q3. Write a note on the greatness of sculpture in India in ancient times.

Ans.- Art of making sculptures flourished during the Gupta and Kushana period, many statues of Buddha have been found from north and south India. South Indian sculptures were made by the use of grey sandstone where as in north India all the sculptures were made using red sandstone.

                Ashokan pillars are also great example of greatness as these are made of red sandstone and highly polished. These pillars are decorated with capital carved in the shape of animals, like - Bull, Lion and horses.

Q4. Write in detail about the contribution made by ancient Indians in the field of science, mathematics and medicine.

Ans.- Science-

                - Aryabhatta first realise that the Earth revolves around sun and he also find out the cause of Lunar and Solar Eclipses.

                -Bhaskaracharya had written about the gravity in his book Suryasiddhant in 1200 years Ago.

                - The extractio of metals, making of dyes and pigments, Making of rust proof iron, and extraction of sugar.

Mathematics-

                -In vedic period Vedic Mathematics developed, which consist Arithmetics, Geometry and Algebra.

                - Idea of Zero was also developed in India.

Medicines-

                - Charakasamhita written by Charaka give idea about different cause of diseases, which helped in development of Ayurveda as the branch of medicines.

Class7 his Ch9

Q1. Explain how the Bhakti movement spurred the development of regional languages?

Ans.- Bhakti Saint have followed the regional language to preach and worship the god. Songs, poem and stories were written in regional languages, like- Marathi, Hindi and Bengali. they didn't give importance to Sanskrit for worshiping of god and promoted regional languages to worship god.

Q2. Describe the nature of medieval painting found in Ajanta and Ellora.

Ans.- Paintings made in the cave of Ajanta and Ellora between 600 and 1000 CE.

                These paintings were belonging to the Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. Paintings of these caves were depicting ancient tales and Buddhist stories from Jatak Tales.

Q3. What was the style of painting introduced by the Mughals? What were its features?

Ans.- Mughals introduced the art of miniature painting to India.

                These paintings were small in size but including high details.

Q4. Name the two distinct schools of music of north and south India. How did they developed in medieval India? Difference between the two types.

Ans.- Dhrupad style of singing was developed into a new gharana of music in northern region developed by Swami Haridas.

                In South India the Carnatic style of music flourished during the rule of Vijay Nagar empire.

                The gharanas of north Indian region were influenced by the Persian style of music but south Indian music had not been in influence of Persian style.

Q5. Name one medieval work of literature each written in Bengali, Sanskrit and Persian.

Ans.- One medieval work of literature written in-

                Bengali- Srikrishna Kirtan

                Sanskrit- Gita Govind

                Persian- Akabarnama

Q6. Write a note on medieval Bengali architecture.

Ans.- Bengali architecture style developed in medieval period which was different from the north and south Indian style of architecture. Importance features of this architecture are as follows-

                - Inverted boat shaped roof of the temples.

                - Use of terracotta and burnt bricks in buildings.

Jor Bangala and Rasmanchan are the best example of this style of architecture.

Class6 his ch11

Q1.- During the period of Guptas art of making images of Buddha and different deities was developed.

Q2.- During the military campaign Samudra Gupta conquered present day Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh, Nepal, Assam and Bengal.

Q3.-  Skanda Gupta had to contend with the Huns.

Q4.- The Guptas traded with the Eastern Roman Empire, West Asia, Africa and many countries of south-East Asia.

Q5.-Ratnavali and Priyadarshika were the plays written by Harsha in Sanskrit.

Q6.- The Kingdom of Pulakesin II was extending from the river Narmada to the river Kaveri.

Q7.- i) Pulkesin defeated Harsha in the battle between them.

        ii) Pulkesin defeated Mahendraverman in the battle between them.

       iii) Pulkesin II was defeated by Narasimhavarman in the battle between them.

Q8.- Pallavas had built many temples like- The Shore Temple and The Seven Rathas Temple at Mamallapuram and The Kailashnath Temple at Kanchipuram. These were some important achievements in architecture by Pallavas.

Answer in details:-

Q1.- Importance of caste system in society of Gupta period are as follows:-

                -Society was divided in four caste in which many sub caste had been emerged

                -Brahmanas, Kshetriyas and Vaishyas were enjoying all the powers

                -Shudras were suppressed by higher class people

                -Chandalas were considered out caste and untouchable by the higher class people

Q2.-  In the period of Guptas power was in the hand of king. The kingdom was divided into provinces, provinces into districts and districts had many villages, every level was administered by different officials, at village level elders were the head.

                The whole administrative structure was under the control and protection of the king.

Q3.- The Gupta rulers ruled over north India and kept it united for next 200 years.

              They had given patronage to art and literature

              Temples were first build in the Gupta Period

         due to these reason Gupta period was known as classical age of ancient India.

Q4.- Harshvardhna was a great ruler who unite northern region after the decline of Gupta Empire. His Kingdom was spreading from Punjab to Bengal and Odisa region. He made Kannauj as his capital for the ease of administration. The King was assisted by the council of ministers and all the officials were paid in cash.

   Harsha followed of Buddhism. He was organising large religious assemblies in every five years to honor people of all religion. He was also a great scholar, he had written plays in Sanskrit. He had also given patronage to artisans and Scholars in his court.

Class7 his ch8

Q1- Why did the Bhakti movement become popular by the 7th century CE?

Ans- Bhakti movement become popular by the 7th century CE due to following reason-

                -Bhakti saints preached equality and they were against caste system of hindu society.

                - Bhakti saints denied the importance of sanskrit and brahmanas. They said that anyone can do the worship of god in his own language by himself.

                Due to these reason Bhakti movement got support of lower section of the hindu society and become popular.

Q2- What were the basic principles which all the bhakti saints emphasised?

Ans- Basic principles of bhakti saints were as follows-

                - God is one but worshiped with different names

                - all the human beings are equal to god. God is inside every person

                - They opposed rituals and superstitions

                - we can pray to god in any language

                - Anyone can worship god by himself without the help of priest in his own way.

Q3- Who were the Alvar and the Nayanars? Describe their contribution to the bhakti movement?

Ans- Alvar were the worshiper of Lord Vishnu and Nayanars Were worshiping Lord Shiva.

                They brought the idea of love, devotion and service to personal god.

                They also preached the equality in hindusim and said that anyone can worship the god.

Q4- What were the Basic teachings of Guru Nanak? Name the religion based on his teachings.

Ans- Guru Nanak believed in one god and advice three practices-

                Naam Japo- Chant the name of god.

                Kirat Karo- Earn and honest livelihood

                Vand Chakko- Share with others.

He preached equality and told to avoid superstition.

Guru Nanak was the first guru of Sikh religion.

Q5- Give a brief account of the life and teaching of Kabir.

Ans- Kabir was believed to be born between 1398 to 1440 in hindu family, but brought up by muslim waver and his wife. He had studied teaching of hindu literature as well as Quran. He was influenced by the thought of saint Ramanand and become his devotee.

                He had expressed his ideas and belief in the form of doha, according to which he was believing in one supreme god , who is everywhere and inside everything. He said that to show the love towards god we must love all the creation of gods.

class6 his ch10

Q1.- Silk route was called so because of the trade of Silk done through these routes as main commodity.

Q2- Three commodities of India are spices, ivory, precious stone traded to west.

       Three commodities of China are silk, raw materials, paper traded to west.

Q3- The Sakas, Parthians and Kushanas were the indo-greek rulers, they have come from Iran.

Q4- Buddhacharita and saundranandakavya were the two written work of Asvagosha.

Q5- Gondophernes is the most renowned Parthian King. Saint Thomas the Apostle is believed to have come to india during his reign.

Q6- Faxian was the Chinese pilgrim who visited India during the 5th century CE in search of complete copies of the Vinay Pitaka.

Answer in Details

Q1- The different ways in which distant lands can interact are as follows-

                 Through Trade- Traders were doing trade with other civilisation of the world.

                Through Migration- Many people migrated to other civilisation and carry their culture and tradition.

                Through Religion- Many monk and saints were travelling to other places to spread their religion.

                Through Conquest- Powerful rulers were expanding their kingdom by conquering the land of other kingdoms which brought people of different places in contact with each other.

Q2- The South Indian Kingdoms had trade relation with Roman Kingdom and the South east asian countries trade was done through the port cities of south India. Spices, cotton, precious stones etc. were major commodities of trade from India in exchange of wine, ceramics, glass, copper, tin, etc.

Q3- Silk route in India was connecting North India with South India, these routes were mostly used for silk trade along with other commodities.

                The Trade had Impact on other aspects of the society, like- religion and science, as it brought the people of other civilisation in contact with Indian civilisation and the exchange of religious and scientific thoughts and ideas took place among them.

Q4- There were many conquerors who captured north western part of India after 200 BCE, because of the decline of Mauryan empire, these dynasties are as follows-

                The Indo-greek ruler Menander or Milind conquered the areas upto Patliputra.

                The Saka ruler Rudradaman and others had also ruled over the north-western India.

The Parthians conquered some part of north western India in 1st century.

Q5- Kanishka was a great Kushana king who followed Buddhist. In the 4th bodh summit the Buddhism was divided into two parts Hinayana and Mahayana.

                During his rule through silk route buddhism reached to china and emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty first taken interest in Buddhism.

                Kanishka helped the buddhist center of learning  and the scholors spreaded buddhism through trade routes to central asia and china.

class7 his ch7

Answer in details:-

Q1 Ans- In vedic era when central asain migrants came to India some people of Indian society mixed with them but some others did not accepted this change and went to remote areas to spend their life, these people were called adivasis.

                These tribal people were cut off from the non-tribal societies which lead to the development of their own distinct culture, language and rituals.

Q2 Ans- Tracing history of tribal society is difficult because

                - no written records are available about their past.

                - all the information about their culture and tradition were verbally pass on from one generation to the another.

                - tribals were not allowing anyone to enter in their area.

Q3 Ans- Nature of tribal societies are as follows-

                - Their society was free from discrimination and supporting equality.

                - Tribals had their own distinct culture and language

                - All the resources were collectively owned by them

                - Their leaders were elected by the society and its position was not hereditary.

Q4- Tribal societies were following different lifestyle.

                some tribal societies had adopted settled lifestyle and started practicing agriculture, like- Gond

                Some tribal societies had adopted nomadic life, they were rearing cattles and wandering in search of grass lands, like- Banjaras.

                Banjaras were transporting grains from villages to cities, they also helped mughals by transporting arms and provisions for their army.

Q5- Gonds were the tribals of central India. Initially they were living nomadic life but by the time they started adopting settled lifestyle and started doing agriculture.

                They established their settlements along the trade routes and started controlling it, by which they gain wealth and developed their power. later they established their kingdom.

Q6- Ahoms were the tribal groups of assam region. They were belonging to Tai Shan tribe of Myanmar. They brought Tai Culture with them and they were using Tai language, later they also learned assamese language and Tai language was only used in religious rituals by the priests. Many Tai tribals had adopted Hinduism.

class6 his ch9

Q1- What is meant by unbanisation?

Ans:- The migration of people from villages to town and cities is called Urbanisation.

Q2- What was the capital of Cheras? Who was the most famous Chera King?

Ans:- Vanchi was the capital of Cheras. Senguttuvan was the most famous Chera King.

Q3-  Name the capital and one prominent king of Pandya Dynasty.

Ans:- Nedunchezhiyan was one of the most prominent king of Pandyas, their capital was at Madurai.

Q4-Mention the capital city and a major king of the (early) Chola Kingdom.

Ans- Kaveripattinam was the capital city of Chola Kingdom. Karikala was the one of the powerful chola king.

Q5- What is the Sangam Age? Why is it called so?

Ans:- Between 200 BCE to 300 CE is called Sangam Age because of the many assemblies of Scholars organised, which encouraged exchange of thoughts and development of literature.

Q6- Who were the Satavahanas? Where was their Kingdom located?

Ans:- Satavahanas were the rulers of Central India, their kingdom was spreading from Malwa to Karnataka.

Answer in Details:-

Q1- How did iron tools help the Aryans expand agriculture? What effect did it have on people's occupations?

Ans:- Iron tools helped Aryans to expand agriculture because Iron tools were more efficient than tools of other metals which helped Aryans to clear land for agriculture.

                Iron tools made agriculture easier as agricultural tools made of iron were more strong and durable.

                Due to expansion of agriculture productivity increased and surplus production was done, surplus production lead to the development of trade, due to availability of sufficient supply of food some people opted for other occupations, like- Potter, Carpenter, Metal-smith, etc.

Q2- What were the conditions which encouraged urbanisation in the Gangetic Plains?

Ans- Conditiion which encouraged urbanisation in the gangetic 

plains are as follows-

                - use of Iron tools increased productivity of  agriculture

- Development of craft such as pottery, carpentry, etc.

- rivers served as the means of transportation for trade between cities.

Q3- Describe the different kind of urban centers during the second urbanisation in ancient India.

Ans-  Different kind of urban centers during the second urbanisation are as follows:-

                - Administrative town- Town which developed because of being used as the center of administration.

                - Market town- Market town were the towns which was used as the centre of trade.

                - Port town- The town form where the trade was done through sea from different parts of the world were developed as port town.

                - Religious town- places of religious importance developed as the religious town.

Q4- Write an essay on the life of Tamil people during the Sangam Age.

Ans- During the Sangam age tamil people were involved in agricultural activities. They were following the agricultural activities according to the type of soil.

                People were also following many other occupation, like- weavers, goldsmith, black smith, architects, sculptors, carpenter, lather workers etc. People associate with similar occupation had also formed their guild.

                Tamils were the followers of Vaishnav and Shaiv sect. The rulers were following Jainism and they were tolerant, some rulers were also the followers of Buddha.

Q5- Write an account on the reign  of the Satavahana King.

Ans- The Satavahana kings were ruling in the central India. Their kingdom was spreded from Malwa to Karnataka region. The Satavahana had control over trade routes connecting south India with north India called Dakshinapatn.