class6 his ch10

Q1.- Silk route was called so because of the trade of Silk done through these routes as main commodity.

Q2- Three commodities of India are spices, ivory, precious stone traded to west.

       Three commodities of China are silk, raw materials, paper traded to west.

Q3- The Sakas, Parthians and Kushanas were the indo-greek rulers, they have come from Iran.

Q4- Buddhacharita and saundranandakavya were the two written work of Asvagosha.

Q5- Gondophernes is the most renowned Parthian King. Saint Thomas the Apostle is believed to have come to india during his reign.

Q6- Faxian was the Chinese pilgrim who visited India during the 5th century CE in search of complete copies of the Vinay Pitaka.

Answer in Details

Q1- The different ways in which distant lands can interact are as follows-

                 Through Trade- Traders were doing trade with other civilisation of the world.

                Through Migration- Many people migrated to other civilisation and carry their culture and tradition.

                Through Religion- Many monk and saints were travelling to other places to spread their religion.

                Through Conquest- Powerful rulers were expanding their kingdom by conquering the land of other kingdoms which brought people of different places in contact with each other.

Q2- The South Indian Kingdoms had trade relation with Roman Kingdom and the South east asian countries trade was done through the port cities of south India. Spices, cotton, precious stones etc. were major commodities of trade from India in exchange of wine, ceramics, glass, copper, tin, etc.

Q3- Silk route in India was connecting North India with South India, these routes were mostly used for silk trade along with other commodities.

                The Trade had Impact on other aspects of the society, like- religion and science, as it brought the people of other civilisation in contact with Indian civilisation and the exchange of religious and scientific thoughts and ideas took place among them.

Q4- There were many conquerors who captured north western part of India after 200 BCE, because of the decline of Mauryan empire, these dynasties are as follows-

                The Indo-greek ruler Menander or Milind conquered the areas upto Patliputra.

                The Saka ruler Rudradaman and others had also ruled over the north-western India.

The Parthians conquered some part of north western India in 1st century.

Q5- Kanishka was a great Kushana king who followed Buddhist. In the 4th bodh summit the Buddhism was divided into two parts Hinayana and Mahayana.

                During his rule through silk route buddhism reached to china and emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty first taken interest in Buddhism.

                Kanishka helped the buddhist center of learning  and the scholors spreaded buddhism through trade routes to central asia and china.

class7 his ch7

Answer in details:-

Q1 Ans- In vedic era when central asain migrants came to India some people of Indian society mixed with them but some others did not accepted this change and went to remote areas to spend their life, these people were called adivasis.

                These tribal people were cut off from the non-tribal societies which lead to the development of their own distinct culture, language and rituals.

Q2 Ans- Tracing history of tribal society is difficult because

                - no written records are available about their past.

                - all the information about their culture and tradition were verbally pass on from one generation to the another.

                - tribals were not allowing anyone to enter in their area.

Q3 Ans- Nature of tribal societies are as follows-

                - Their society was free from discrimination and supporting equality.

                - Tribals had their own distinct culture and language

                - All the resources were collectively owned by them

                - Their leaders were elected by the society and its position was not hereditary.

Q4- Tribal societies were following different lifestyle.

                some tribal societies had adopted settled lifestyle and started practicing agriculture, like- Gond

                Some tribal societies had adopted nomadic life, they were rearing cattles and wandering in search of grass lands, like- Banjaras.

                Banjaras were transporting grains from villages to cities, they also helped mughals by transporting arms and provisions for their army.

Q5- Gonds were the tribals of central India. Initially they were living nomadic life but by the time they started adopting settled lifestyle and started doing agriculture.

                They established their settlements along the trade routes and started controlling it, by which they gain wealth and developed their power. later they established their kingdom.

Q6- Ahoms were the tribal groups of assam region. They were belonging to Tai Shan tribe of Myanmar. They brought Tai Culture with them and they were using Tai language, later they also learned assamese language and Tai language was only used in religious rituals by the priests. Many Tai tribals had adopted Hinduism.

class6 his ch9

Q1- What is meant by unbanisation?

Ans:- The migration of people from villages to town and cities is called Urbanisation.

Q2- What was the capital of Cheras? Who was the most famous Chera King?

Ans:- Vanchi was the capital of Cheras. Senguttuvan was the most famous Chera King.

Q3-  Name the capital and one prominent king of Pandya Dynasty.

Ans:- Nedunchezhiyan was one of the most prominent king of Pandyas, their capital was at Madurai.

Q4-Mention the capital city and a major king of the (early) Chola Kingdom.

Ans- Kaveripattinam was the capital city of Chola Kingdom. Karikala was the one of the powerful chola king.

Q5- What is the Sangam Age? Why is it called so?

Ans:- Between 200 BCE to 300 CE is called Sangam Age because of the many assemblies of Scholars organised, which encouraged exchange of thoughts and development of literature.

Q6- Who were the Satavahanas? Where was their Kingdom located?

Ans:- Satavahanas were the rulers of Central India, their kingdom was spreading from Malwa to Karnataka.

Answer in Details:-

Q1- How did iron tools help the Aryans expand agriculture? What effect did it have on people's occupations?

Ans:- Iron tools helped Aryans to expand agriculture because Iron tools were more efficient than tools of other metals which helped Aryans to clear land for agriculture.

                Iron tools made agriculture easier as agricultural tools made of iron were more strong and durable.

                Due to expansion of agriculture productivity increased and surplus production was done, surplus production lead to the development of trade, due to availability of sufficient supply of food some people opted for other occupations, like- Potter, Carpenter, Metal-smith, etc.

Q2- What were the conditions which encouraged urbanisation in the Gangetic Plains?

Ans- Conditiion which encouraged urbanisation in the gangetic 

plains are as follows-

                - use of Iron tools increased productivity of  agriculture

- Development of craft such as pottery, carpentry, etc.

- rivers served as the means of transportation for trade between cities.

Q3- Describe the different kind of urban centers during the second urbanisation in ancient India.

Ans-  Different kind of urban centers during the second urbanisation are as follows:-

                - Administrative town- Town which developed because of being used as the center of administration.

                - Market town- Market town were the towns which was used as the centre of trade.

                - Port town- The town form where the trade was done through sea from different parts of the world were developed as port town.

                - Religious town- places of religious importance developed as the religious town.

Q4- Write an essay on the life of Tamil people during the Sangam Age.

Ans- During the Sangam age tamil people were involved in agricultural activities. They were following the agricultural activities according to the type of soil.

                People were also following many other occupation, like- weavers, goldsmith, black smith, architects, sculptors, carpenter, lather workers etc. People associate with similar occupation had also formed their guild.

                Tamils were the followers of Vaishnav and Shaiv sect. The rulers were following Jainism and they were tolerant, some rulers were also the followers of Buddha.

Q5- Write an account on the reign  of the Satavahana King.

Ans- The Satavahana kings were ruling in the central India. Their kingdom was spreded from Malwa to Karnataka region. The Satavahana had control over trade routes connecting south India with north India called Dakshinapatn.

class6 his ch8

Q1.-Alexander and his army were fighting continously from 10 years, They were tired of fighting and by listening the glory of the army of Nanda's they refuse to move forward, due to which Alexander not continue his campaign.

Q2- Chandragupta taken over Kabul, Herat, Kandhar and Baluchistan after the defeat of Seleukos.

Q3- Shrenis were the group of people who were following similar profession,like- Shrenis of gold smith, Shrenis of Potter, etc.

Q4- The Branches of the Mauryan Army were as follows:-

- Cavalry -Elephants

- Infantry -Transport

- Chariots - Navy

Q5- Historians have suggested many possible reasons for the decline of mauryan empire, which are as follows:-
- weak financial condition due to heavy expenditure on public welfare 
- lack of army strength due to policy of non-violence

Answer in Details:- 

Q1- Chandragupt established a large empire with the help of Kautilya, Chandragupt first attacked and conquered the outer part of the Magadha which was weakened by the invasion of Alexander's invasion. He grew his power and in 321 BCE he conquered Patliputra the capital of Magadha and established a large kingdom spreading from Magadha to Punjab.

Q2- Ashoka fought only one battle in his life with the Kalinga which lead to a great sorrow after looking the dead bodies of solders and blood spreaded all around, he had chosen the path of non-violence and adopted Buddhism. He also made a collection of moral teachings to be followed by the people, which was engraved on the rock pillars and plates all around his kingdoms.These collection of moral teachings were known as Ashoka's dhamma.

Q3- Important features of the administration of Mauryan empire was as follows:-

                -The King was taking decision on the advice of privy council or mahamantriparishad.

                - Empire was stratified into different level, Empire was divided into provinces, provinces into Districts, Districts into Villages.

                - Every level was administered by officials

                                Provinces - Pradeshikas

                                Districts  -  Sthanikas

                                Village  -  Gramin

Q4-  Nature of trade and industries are as follows:-

                - Agriculture was the main occupation

                - Various kind of industries were of crafts, like:- Textiles, Wooden and ivory objects, perfumes,

                  pottery, jwellery etc.

                - Mauryans had trade relation with Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia and Middle East through land routes.

               - Guilds of different trade groups were there to help and regulate the trade.

Class7 His Ch-6

Answer in details:- 

Q1. Establish with example the greatness of crafts during the medieval period in India?

Ans.- During the medieval period people were involved in various types of craft, such as- Pottery, gem-cutting, metallurgy and cloth making. Indian craft was in demand in other countries, due to which many places had been developed as the center production of any particular craft. As there was need of large scale production, for which good craftsman were hired which lead to the development of 'Karkhana'.

                Development of craft increased the trade and lead to the development of Trading Towns. Many Craft were famous worldwide, such as:- Patola, Kalamkari, Dhaka Muslin, etc.

Q2. What were the countries and regions of the world that India traded with during medieval age? Mention import items that were exported and imported?

Ans.- India was doing trade with Europe, Central Asian Region and with South East Asian kingdoms. China, Persia, Arab and Africa was important countries for trade with India. Indians were doing export of textile, precious stones, Ivory and articles with inlay work. Horses, dry fruits and Precious stones from Central Asia, Silk from China were imported to India.

Q3. Give a brief account of Hampi in the Vijay Nagar Kingdom.

Ans.- Hampi was the capital of Vijay Nagar empire and an important trade center from where trade with Persia, Arabia, Burma, China, etc. had been done. When Vijay Nagar was defeated by Bahamanis, they have destroyed Humpi.

Q4. Trace the history of Masulipatnam as a center of trade during medival period.

Ans.- Masulipatnam was an improtant trade center and a port town which had developed in the period of Satavahana as a small port, Arab had first established their trading base here, which was under the control of Bahamani empire, Europeans had also established there trading center here, like- British, Dutch, French, etc.

                This city was famous for Kalamkari cloths which was famous in European Countries.

Q5. Write a Summary and significance of Surat as a port and a city of trade and craft in medieval India.

Ans.- Surat is situated on the bank of Tapti River in Gujrat. It was a port town which flourished during the mughal period as a center of trade and commerce. Surat was used for trade with southeast asian coutries. Cotton and Silk fabric exported from here. Surat was famous worldwide for Gold Zari work. Spices, Saltpetre, indigo, weapons and jewellery were also exported from here.

Class6 civ ch5

Q1. Why is local self government necessary?

Ans.- Local self government is to give better governance as people can better understand the problems at local level and can help to reach to the most efficient solution. It also helps to deliver the benefits of government programmes to the local people.

Q2. Name the various levels of the Panchayati Raj system in rural areas.

Ans.- The various levels of the Panchayati Raj system in rural areas are as follows:-

                - District level (Zila Parishad)

                - Block Samiti

                - Gram Panchayat

Q3. What is gram sabha?

Ans.- All the people of the village those are above the age of 18 collectively form gram sabha.

Q4. Why is local self-government described as 'Power to the People'?

Ans.- Local Self Government is elected by the local people and people directly participate in the functioning of it, that's why we can describe it as 'Power to the People'.

Give your answer in three or four sentences.

Q1. Explain any three functions of the village panchayat.

Ans.- Three functions of village panchayat are as follows:-

                - Develop and maintain facilities like:- Roads, public wells and water tanks, Health and                           sanitation.

                - Building and supervision of Primary Schools

                - Maintenance of records of births and deaths.

Q2. Explain how a Nyaya Panchayat Functions.

Ans.- Nyaya Panchayat is the judiciary function of the Gram Panchayat which can deal with civil cases at local level.

                Nyaya Panchayat can only impose fine and cannot send anyone to the jail.

Q3. How does the Block Samiti directly encourage agriculture and Industries?

Ans.- Block Samiti monitors different factors essential for the agriculture and does necessary arrangement for agriculture, like:- subsidy on equipments, quality seeds, fertilisers, Water for irrigation(wells, canals), etc.

                also promote development of small scale industries.

Q4. What is the composition of the zilla parishad?

Ans.- Members of Zilla Parishad are as follows:-

                - Presidents of Block Samitis

                - MLA and MP

                - Chairpersons of Municipal boards and Mayors of Corporations

These all collectively form Zilla Parishad.

class6 his ch7

Q1. What is the law of karma taught by the upanishads?

Ans.- The law of karma says that present is the result of our past doings.

Q2. Explain the Triratna Principle preached by Mahavira.

Ans. -  The Principle of Triratna were-

                Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Action.

Q3. Who were Digambaras and Svetambaras?

Ans.- The Followers of Mahavira broke in two groups named as Digambaras and Svetambaras.

                Digambaras were following the teachings of Mahavira and did not wear Cloths.

                Svetambaras were wearing white cloths and worshiping Mahavira.

Q4. What were the two groups into which the Buddhists were divided? What was the basis of the split?

Ans.- Buddhist were divided into two groups- Hinayana and Mahayana.

                 Mahayana were worshiping the images of Buddha and performing rituals, where as Hinayana were following the teachings of Buddha to achieve nirvana.

Q5.Name four countries in Asia to which Buddhism has spread.

Ans.- China, Sri Lanka, Japan, Korea.

Answer in details:-

Q1 Describe the major principles of Jainism.

Ans.- The Major Principle of Jainism are as follows:-

                - Ahimsa or absolute Non-Violence

                - Honesty

                - Kindness

                - Truthfulness

                - Not to be in greed of things belonging to others.

Q2. Describe the Eight Fold Path Preached by Buddha to obtain Nirvana.

Ans.- The Eight fold path preached by Buddha to obtain nirvana are as follows:-

                1-  Right Understanding

                2-  Right Thought

                3-  Right Speech

                4-  Right Action

                5-  Right Livelihood

                6-  Right Effort

                7-  Right Mindfulness

                8-  Right Contemplation or Concentration

Q3. Write down any five Similarities between Jainism and Buddhism.

Ans.- Five Similarities between Jainism and Buddhism are:-

                - Both preached in the language of common People.

                - Promoted Non- Violence

                - Both were against Caste-System

                - Getting rid of desire

                - Equality

Q4. How did the Sanghas help in the spread of Buddhism and Jainism?

Ans.- The Sangha was the system of Monks and Nuns who were travelling around the countries to spread the teachings of Mahavira and Buddha. They had to follow rules of sangha. They were trained to attain enlightment.

                Sangha were playing important role in Spreading the teachings of Buddhism.