class6 his ch8

Q1.-Alexander and his army were fighting continously from 10 years, They were tired of fighting and by listening the glory of the army of Nanda's they refuse to move forward, due to which Alexander not continue his campaign.

Q2- Chandragupta taken over Kabul, Herat, Kandhar and Baluchistan after the defeat of Seleukos.

Q3- Shrenis were the group of people who were following similar profession,like- Shrenis of gold smith, Shrenis of Potter, etc.

Q4- The Branches of the Mauryan Army were as follows:-

- Cavalry -Elephants

- Infantry -Transport

- Chariots - Navy

Q5- Historians have suggested many possible reasons for the decline of mauryan empire, which are as follows:-
- weak financial condition due to heavy expenditure on public welfare 
- lack of army strength due to policy of non-violence

Answer in Details:- 

Q1- Chandragupt established a large empire with the help of Kautilya, Chandragupt first attacked and conquered the outer part of the Magadha which was weakened by the invasion of Alexander's invasion. He grew his power and in 321 BCE he conquered Patliputra the capital of Magadha and established a large kingdom spreading from Magadha to Punjab.

Q2- Ashoka fought only one battle in his life with the Kalinga which lead to a great sorrow after looking the dead bodies of solders and blood spreaded all around, he had chosen the path of non-violence and adopted Buddhism. He also made a collection of moral teachings to be followed by the people, which was engraved on the rock pillars and plates all around his kingdoms.These collection of moral teachings were known as Ashoka's dhamma.

Q3- Important features of the administration of Mauryan empire was as follows:-

                -The King was taking decision on the advice of privy council or mahamantriparishad.

                - Empire was stratified into different level, Empire was divided into provinces, provinces into Districts, Districts into Villages.

                - Every level was administered by officials

                                Provinces - Pradeshikas

                                Districts  -  Sthanikas

                                Village  -  Gramin

Q4-  Nature of trade and industries are as follows:-

                - Agriculture was the main occupation

                - Various kind of industries were of crafts, like:- Textiles, Wooden and ivory objects, perfumes,

                  pottery, jwellery etc.

                - Mauryans had trade relation with Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia and Middle East through land routes.

               - Guilds of different trade groups were there to help and regulate the trade.

Class7 His Ch-6

Answer in details:- 

Q1. Establish with example the greatness of crafts during the medieval period in India?

Ans.- During the medieval period people were involved in various types of craft, such as- Pottery, gem-cutting, metallurgy and cloth making. Indian craft was in demand in other countries, due to which many places had been developed as the center production of any particular craft. As there was need of large scale production, for which good craftsman were hired which lead to the development of 'Karkhana'.

                Development of craft increased the trade and lead to the development of Trading Towns. Many Craft were famous worldwide, such as:- Patola, Kalamkari, Dhaka Muslin, etc.

Q2. What were the countries and regions of the world that India traded with during medieval age? Mention import items that were exported and imported?

Ans.- India was doing trade with Europe, Central Asian Region and with South East Asian kingdoms. China, Persia, Arab and Africa was important countries for trade with India. Indians were doing export of textile, precious stones, Ivory and articles with inlay work. Horses, dry fruits and Precious stones from Central Asia, Silk from China were imported to India.

Q3. Give a brief account of Hampi in the Vijay Nagar Kingdom.

Ans.- Hampi was the capital of Vijay Nagar empire and an important trade center from where trade with Persia, Arabia, Burma, China, etc. had been done. When Vijay Nagar was defeated by Bahamanis, they have destroyed Humpi.

Q4. Trace the history of Masulipatnam as a center of trade during medival period.

Ans.- Masulipatnam was an improtant trade center and a port town which had developed in the period of Satavahana as a small port, Arab had first established their trading base here, which was under the control of Bahamani empire, Europeans had also established there trading center here, like- British, Dutch, French, etc.

                This city was famous for Kalamkari cloths which was famous in European Countries.

Q5. Write a Summary and significance of Surat as a port and a city of trade and craft in medieval India.

Ans.- Surat is situated on the bank of Tapti River in Gujrat. It was a port town which flourished during the mughal period as a center of trade and commerce. Surat was used for trade with southeast asian coutries. Cotton and Silk fabric exported from here. Surat was famous worldwide for Gold Zari work. Spices, Saltpetre, indigo, weapons and jewellery were also exported from here.

Class6 civ ch5

Q1. Why is local self government necessary?

Ans.- Local self government is to give better governance as people can better understand the problems at local level and can help to reach to the most efficient solution. It also helps to deliver the benefits of government programmes to the local people.

Q2. Name the various levels of the Panchayati Raj system in rural areas.

Ans.- The various levels of the Panchayati Raj system in rural areas are as follows:-

                - District level (Zila Parishad)

                - Block Samiti

                - Gram Panchayat

Q3. What is gram sabha?

Ans.- All the people of the village those are above the age of 18 collectively form gram sabha.

Q4. Why is local self-government described as 'Power to the People'?

Ans.- Local Self Government is elected by the local people and people directly participate in the functioning of it, that's why we can describe it as 'Power to the People'.

Give your answer in three or four sentences.

Q1. Explain any three functions of the village panchayat.

Ans.- Three functions of village panchayat are as follows:-

                - Develop and maintain facilities like:- Roads, public wells and water tanks, Health and                           sanitation.

                - Building and supervision of Primary Schools

                - Maintenance of records of births and deaths.

Q2. Explain how a Nyaya Panchayat Functions.

Ans.- Nyaya Panchayat is the judiciary function of the Gram Panchayat which can deal with civil cases at local level.

                Nyaya Panchayat can only impose fine and cannot send anyone to the jail.

Q3. How does the Block Samiti directly encourage agriculture and Industries?

Ans.- Block Samiti monitors different factors essential for the agriculture and does necessary arrangement for agriculture, like:- subsidy on equipments, quality seeds, fertilisers, Water for irrigation(wells, canals), etc.

                also promote development of small scale industries.

Q4. What is the composition of the zilla parishad?

Ans.- Members of Zilla Parishad are as follows:-

                - Presidents of Block Samitis

                - MLA and MP

                - Chairpersons of Municipal boards and Mayors of Corporations

These all collectively form Zilla Parishad.

class6 his ch7

Q1. What is the law of karma taught by the upanishads?

Ans.- The law of karma says that present is the result of our past doings.

Q2. Explain the Triratna Principle preached by Mahavira.

Ans. -  The Principle of Triratna were-

                Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Action.

Q3. Who were Digambaras and Svetambaras?

Ans.- The Followers of Mahavira broke in two groups named as Digambaras and Svetambaras.

                Digambaras were following the teachings of Mahavira and did not wear Cloths.

                Svetambaras were wearing white cloths and worshiping Mahavira.

Q4. What were the two groups into which the Buddhists were divided? What was the basis of the split?

Ans.- Buddhist were divided into two groups- Hinayana and Mahayana.

                 Mahayana were worshiping the images of Buddha and performing rituals, where as Hinayana were following the teachings of Buddha to achieve nirvana.

Q5.Name four countries in Asia to which Buddhism has spread.

Ans.- China, Sri Lanka, Japan, Korea.

Answer in details:-

Q1 Describe the major principles of Jainism.

Ans.- The Major Principle of Jainism are as follows:-

                - Ahimsa or absolute Non-Violence

                - Honesty

                - Kindness

                - Truthfulness

                - Not to be in greed of things belonging to others.

Q2. Describe the Eight Fold Path Preached by Buddha to obtain Nirvana.

Ans.- The Eight fold path preached by Buddha to obtain nirvana are as follows:-

                1-  Right Understanding

                2-  Right Thought

                3-  Right Speech

                4-  Right Action

                5-  Right Livelihood

                6-  Right Effort

                7-  Right Mindfulness

                8-  Right Contemplation or Concentration

Q3. Write down any five Similarities between Jainism and Buddhism.

Ans.- Five Similarities between Jainism and Buddhism are:-

                - Both preached in the language of common People.

                - Promoted Non- Violence

                - Both were against Caste-System

                - Getting rid of desire

                - Equality

Q4. How did the Sanghas help in the spread of Buddhism and Jainism?

Ans.- The Sangha was the system of Monks and Nuns who were travelling around the countries to spread the teachings of Mahavira and Buddha. They had to follow rules of sangha. They were trained to attain enlightment.

                Sangha were playing important role in Spreading the teachings of Buddhism.