Class6 his ch6

Answer in brief.

Q1. A state is a political organisation that has sovereignty over geographical area, which means government is free to take any decision without being in influence of anyone.

Q2. Main sources of information about later vedic period  are Buddhist, Jain and Vedic texts, for example- The Jatak Tales, The Brahmanas, The Upanishads and The Ramayana and Mahabharata.

                Many archeological evidences of this period have also been found, like the northern black polished ware.

Q3. The Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) is the type of pottery associated with the later Vedic Period.

Q4. The two types of early states were- Republic states and Monarchies.

Q5. Two Monarchies were Magadha and Avanti and two republics were Vajjis and Yadavas.

Q6. The Punched marked coins were the coins of Silver and Copper on which symbols of hills and trees were punched.

Q7. Two types of tax collected by the rulers of Mahajanapadas were agriculture tax and trade tax.

Answer in Details.

Q1. Difference between monarchies and republic that emerged in later vedic period are-

                - In monarchy the position of king was hereditary where as in republic the Ganapati was a elected.

                -   In monarchy whole power was in the hand of King where as in republic the assembly was playing a vital role in the decision making.

Similarities between monarchies and republic in later vedic period are-

                - In monarchies as well as in republic different types of taxes were collected from the people.

                - Both the powers were maintaining strong army.

Q2. i) Bimbisara- Bimbisara was the king of Haryanka dynasty. It is the first known kingdom of the Magadh.  His capital was in Rajgriha. He set up strong administration and built an extensive network of roads and communication. He had strengthened his kingdom by annexing Anga.

          Ajatashatru- Ajatashatru was the son of King Bimbisara. He had seized the power after killing his father. He was interested in religious matters, specially of Buddhism. He had shifted his capital from Rajgriha to Patliputra . He expended his kingdom by annexing kosala and Vrijji.

Q3. Magadha grew as a powerful state because of many reason, which are as follows-

                - Availability of forest timber and elephant. Timber was used for buildings and elephant were used in Army.

                - it was situated on the bank of river Ganga which allowed rulers to control trade.

                - Port city Champa was under the control of Magadha.

                - It was with abundant Iron and Copper deposits, which was used for making weapons and tool.

                - Fertile Gangetic plain gave rise to agriculture which had strengthened it economically.

Q4. Republics were the group of different clan. Representative of all clans were collectively making the assembly, The leader of assembly was called Ganapramukh. The Position of Ganapramukh was not hereditary and members of assembly were selecting Ganapramukh by voting. All the decisions were taken by the assembly after discussion on topics or problems by the help of voting.

class7 his ch5

Answer in brief.

Q1. In Nagara style temples shikhara was build above the garbhagriha, which was tapered upward. Above shikhara the amalka and kalasa were build.

Q2. Main Characteristics of Temples of central india was the presence of double amalka, small amalka was placed over the large amalka. Kalasa was placed over smaller amalka.

Q3. Seven historical cities of the Delhi are:-

                Lalkot

                Siri

                Tughlaqabad

                Jahapanah

                Firoz Shah Kotla (Firozabad)

                Purana Qila

                Shahjahanabad

Q4. Four distinctive features of Islamic architecture were:-

                - Arches and Domes

                - Calligraphy

                - Mihrab

                - Minar

Q5.         Islamic tradition- use of geometric patterns and calligraphy

                Indian tradition- use of lotus and wheel

Q6. The Red Fort is a palace- fortress in which there is the Diwan-i-Aam, The Diwan-i-Khash and the Rang Mahal and many other buildings were build. Palace were build with decorated walls of marble and the ceiling was covered with golden decorations.

Answer in details:-

Q1. In the history many buildings has been built by different rulers which includes religious as well as secular buildings. These buildings were build to show their power and wealth. The bigger, the grander, the buildings, the richer and more powerful rulers had been considered.

Q2.

Q3. The style of architecture used in south Indian temples were different from north Indian style. South Indian style of architecture was called Dravidian style, this style was used to build temples. Main features of Dravidian style of architecture are as follows:-

                - Vimana a tall structure over garbhagriha,its size was decreasing with the height.

                - presence of gateway or gopuram toped by kalasa.

Q4. The monuments built during the sultanate period were the beginning of Islamic Architecture style which were also influenced with the Indian architecture style as the Indian craftsman were used to make these buildings. Important features of these buildings were Arches and Domes. Some of the improtant buildings build in this period were Quwwat ul Islam Mosque, Dhai Din ka Jhopra, Alai Darwaza, Qutb Minar, etc.

Q5. Akbar was a great ruler, who build many monuments like- Fortresses of Agra, Lahor and Allahabad. He had established Fatehpur Sikri city near Agra. He build 'Buland Darwaja' a big gateway to the Jama masjid to celebrate victory the over the Deccan. In Fatehpur Sikri city every building was built by the use of red stone.

Q6. The Taj Mahal is included in the eight wonders of the world due to its beauty, delicate and symmetrical against perfect backdrop of the river Yamuna. It was built by Shahjahan in the memory of his wife Mumtaj Mahal. its design is influenced by Persian style which is decorated by Pietra Dura and Calligraphy work on the Walls, the whole structure is build by the white marble situated on a high platform which is square in shape with a bulbous central dome with minarets on the four corners of the platform.

Q7. The period of Shahjahan  is known as the golden period of architectural development. He built many grand and beautiful buildings, Taj Mahal is one of the best example of his buildings. He build in Persian style with the use of white marble, these buildings were decorated by use of calligraphy and Pietra Dura.

                Due to his beautiful and grand buildings he has been considered as an outstanding  builder, for example Moti Masjid of Agra, Sheesh Mahal of Lahor, Jama Masjid of Delhi, etc. He had also constructed the seventh city of Delhi named as Shahjahanabad.